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EN
The aim of the article is to make a synthetic presentation of the first five years of Polish membership in the European Union. The author is aware of the fact that drawing up such a balance is not an easy task. It will take a long time before a full and in-depth analysis of the results of our accession to the European Union and its objective assessment is possible. Despite that, it can be stated even today that in general there is an active balance for Poland and the Polish society. Having carried out a comparative analysis of the phenomena and processes resulting from the Polish accession to the EU, the author shows that its effects are generally positive in all spheres of life. Due to that, Poland is included in the group of the biggest and most influential countries of the European Union and the world. The author argues that from the perspective of the last five years it is clear that the Polish accession to the EU was one of the most important events in the Polish history, especially in the history of the twentieth century. The accession accelerated political transformation in Poland and transformed the political, social and economic identity of Poland as well as its geostrategic position.
RU
Среди множества угроз современному миру обязательно следует упомянуть ядерное оружие. Хотя правители осознают катастрофические последствия его использования, все еще прилагаются усилия по развитию ядерного потенциала. Выход США из ядерной сделки побудил Иран активизировать свои исследования и разработки и увеличить запасы ядерного топлива. Чтобы рассмотреть возможные политические последствия расширения ядерного арсенала Ирана, были кратко рассмотрены наиболее важные события в истории Ирана, связанные с ядерным оружием. В статье рассматриваются только наиболее важные возможные политические последствия. Выводы: два крайних сценария кажутся наиболее вероятными: ядерное оружие позволит принести стабильность и мир в регион, а также создать противовес США и поле для переговоров. Психологический и рациональный механизм, соответствующий концепции MAD, будет работать, или, наоборот, озабоченность США, связанная, в частности, с господством Ирана в регионе и давлением на других с целью покупки оружия.
EN
Among many threats of the contemporary world, nuclear weapons should certainly be mentioned. While governments are aware of the disastrous consequences of their use, efforts are still being made to develop nuclear potential. The US withdrawal from the nuclear agreement has prompted Iran to step up its research and development efforts and increase its stockpile of nuclear fuel. To consider possible political consequences of Iran’s expansion of nuclear arsenal, the most significant developments in Iranian history relating to nuclear weapons have been followed. The article focuses solely on the most significant possible political consequences. Conclusion: two extreme scenarios seem most likely: nuclear weapons would provide stability and peace in the region and provide a counterbalance to the US and the negotiating field. A psychological and rational mechanism of the MAD concept would work, or on the contrary, the US concerns about Iran’s dominance in the region and pressure on others to buy weapons would realize.
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