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Zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej ze Strony Związku Sowieckiego w świetle rozpoznania wywiadu

100%
Ćwięk H.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2012
|
vol. 3
155-169
EN
After Word War I both Germany and Russia did not accept the Versailes Treaty and were looking towards changing it. Both countries were trying to rebuild their respective armies, which were supposed to be used in a war against Poland. The intelligence reconnaissance played a big part in this situation. The Soviet Unions political activity rose in the1920s. It was accompanied by espionage and diversification techniques used against Poland. The II SG branch as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs groups took appropriate actions. Both were trying to consolidate actions in order to keeping Poland safe. The army intelligence especially looked for changes in the Soviet’s army potential. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was interested in changes in foreign countries politics, as well as keeping the country safe thanks to various diplomatic opportunities. The II SG branch and the Ministries efforts intertwined, which helped in verifying gathered information. Low budget limited however the groups efforts. The command of the II SG branch tried to maintain proper affairs with the Ministry and softened all conflicts. The highest powers of the II RP were not always considering the army intelligence actions.
2
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Ewakuacja Polaków z Archangielska i Murmańska w 1919 roku

51%
Turek W.
Polish Biographical Studies
|
2018
|
issue 6
59-70
EN
In the three shipwrecked transports by sea in 1919, Polish soldiers and civilian refugees from Archangelsk and Murmansk - ships “Stephen”, „Caritza” and „Helena” were evacuated at least 1093 people, including 369 officers and privates. Considering that Poles left the area of northern Russia also in small groups or individually, it can be estimated that the total number of Poles evacuated in 1919 from that region exceeded 1.5 thousand. people. For comparison, evacuation by sea to Gdansk Poles from the Far East in 1920 - ships „Gweneth”, „Yaroslavl”, „Voronezh” and „Brandenburg” - covered a total of nearly 3.2 thousand. people, including 1744 officers and privates. Despite the difficulties arising from the limitation of Polish laws, the port of Gdansk in 1919-1920 was the most convenient place for receiving ships with Poles returning to the country. The dimensions of the described phenomenon are evidenced by data concerning the period from August 1919 to April 12, 1920 - in Gdańsk, 9,981 persons returning by ship to Poland were admitted at that time. Although another ship „Helena” with Polish soldiers evacuated from Arkhangelsk finished their flight not in Gdansk but in Szczecin, however, in 1920, the above-mentioned, four organized sea transports with reemigrants from the Far East came to Gdańsk. After the end of the First World War, Gdańsk fulfilled - to a limited extent - the role of the Polish „window to the world”, although it is worth noting that the implementation of the return of Polish soldiers from distant parts by the city being subject to a sharp Polish-German dispute was not used by the Polish authorities to strengthen de facto Polish position in the Baltic Sea port.
3
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Działalność polskiego attachatu wojskowego w Brukseli na początku lat 50. XX wieku

51%
Fałowski J.
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
|
2017
|
issue 2
111-124
PL
Poziom bezpieczeństwa państwa zależy od konfiguracji systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego. Ważnym instrumentem kształtowania środowiska bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego jest dyplomacja wojskowa. Artykuł omawia wojskowe stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Belgią w okresie zimnowojennych lat 1950–1953. Tekst powstał w oparciu o materiały źródłowe zgromadzone w zbiorach archiwalnych Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Warszawie i jest przyczynkiem do analizy historyczno-funkcjonalnej aktywności polskiej dyplomacji wojskowej po II wojnie światowej.
EN
The level of the country’s security depends on the global security. An important factor ensuring international safety is defence diplomacy. My article deals with diplomatic relations between Poland and Belgium during the Cold War period in 1950–1953. The article is based on the documents found in the archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw, analysing Polish defence diplomacy after World War II.
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