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EN
The word ‘myth’ means tradition, legend. Myth-making is seen as the most important event in the cultural history of mankind. In primitive society mythology presents the basic way of understanding the world. The history of the people needs to be told of his mythology, and not vice versa. In our view when creating the image of a political leader should come from the heroic myths. The main characteristics of political myth are relying on the archetype and some technological artifice. We can say that the political myth is an adaptation of a cultural myth for political purposes. Political myth thus becomes a necessary form of communication between people and the government. Political myths are widely used in election campaigns, because from a psychological point of view the mythologizing the political leader allows differentiate him from competitors.
EN
Historical politics play a crucial role in the creation of Polish national identity and often result in extreme and dangerous nationalism. It was Edward W. Said who had pointed out in his work entitled Culture and Imperialism that the interpenetration of politics and culture seems to be alarming. The main focus of this paper will be the contemporary text of culture in the lens of Polish (ergo: national-liberating) political discourse; thus Maria Janion’s statement about the life span of the messianic topic in Poland will be maintained. It is not hard to notice that the Polish culture is overflowing with images of sacrificing lives in the name of the fatherland which reinforces the normative paradigm of masculinity based on honor and rigidity. The mainstream production directed by Jerzy Zalewski which tells the story of Mieczysław „Rój” Dziemieszkiewicz (regarded as one of the cursed soldiers) seems to be a symptomatic example of a cultural text permeated with a solid worldview full of Polish martyrology axioms rooted in the era of Romanticism. The author of this text will employ a Montaignian approach to understand why historical figures are needed by Polish politicians to create a national identity and often gain a mythical status of supremacy. In this case, „guerrilla semiotics” introduced by Umberto Eco will be needed to decode the axioms and paradigms hidden under this visual text of culture. It seems to be dubious that the extension of anti-communist war discourse from 1944 to the Polish political arena subserves the formation of an inclusive community.
EN
It seems that the first two decades of the twenty first century demonstrate political mythology to be still functioning in the political life of the West. In this context, it is interesting to view the recent publications of Hans Blumenberg’s Nachlass: Präfiguration (“Prefiguration,” 2014) and Rigorismus der Wahrheit (“Rigorism of Truth,” 2015), as they reveal unpredicted complications for the interpretation of his philosophy of myth as well as of his political stances. They also evoke some more general questions concerning the role of myth in our contemporary political life. The aim of this article is to present the paradoxes connected with the posthumously published Blumenberg critique of Hannah Arendt and to situate it in the wider context of twentieth century political thought, specifically the work of Sorel, Schmitt, Rosenberg and Cassirer. It is also to point to more general ethical and political ambiguities connected with the problem of political mythology in the present.
EN
Confidential Assignment (Kongjo, Kim Sung-hoon), released on January 18, 2017 between DPRK nuclear tests, tells a story of two special agents. One is from North Korea and the other one from South Korea, and they unite to fight against a common enemy. Extraordinarily, the North Korean agent is portrayed as more formidable than his South Korean counterpart who is unable to match him in every field. Also, the North Korean agent is portrayed by a Korean super star, Hyun-Bin. In this paper, I analyze two other similarly themed movies: The Net (Kŭmul, Kim Ki-Duk) and Steel Rain (Kangch’ŏlbi, Yang Wooseok). All of them were released recently and were huge commercial successes in South Korea. The aim of the following paper is to show and analyze the evolution of the image of North Korean characters in South Korean cinema. During the analysis, the question of how the change from villain to super hero was possible is answered. The way in which the movies talk about inter-Korean relations and how they portray both countries is particularly important to understand the current political sentiments in the Peninsula and how it can affect the Moon Jae-in presidency.
EN
The article describes and explains the phenomenon of the political myth of Margaret Thatcher – her anti–Scottish attitude and policies and its impact on the process of decomposition of the United Kingdom. The author indicates that the view of Margaret Thatcher’s dominance in Scotland is simplified, stripped of complexity, ignoring significant information conflicting with the thesis, but that also plays an important role in current politics, legitimizing secessionist demands and strengthening the identity of the Scottish community. In the contemporary Scottish debate with its unequivocal defence policy of Thatcher is outside of the discourse, proving its sanctity status. Thatcher could see this special Scottish dimension within the United Kingdom, but treated it rather as a delay in the reforms needed in the country. There are many counterarguments to the validity of the Thatcher myth. Firstly, many negative processes that took place in the 80s were not initiated by Thatcher, only accelerated. Secondly, the Tory decline in popularity in the north began before the leadership of Thatcher and has lasted long after her dismissal. The Conservative Party was permanently seen in Scotland as openly English. Thirdly, there is a lot of accuracy in the opinion that the real division is not between Scotland and England, only between southern England and the rest of the country. Widespread opinion that Thatcher was hostile to Scotland is to a large extent untruthful. She has never retreated radically from any of the Scottish privileges, such as the Barnett formula or the Scottish Development Agency.
EN
The articles researches the concept of political culture as a system of inherited political notions expressed in symbolic forms and generalizes the differences between the political culture of Ukrainians and Russians. It stresses that the cultural identity of Ukraine is established on one of its basic tendencies – penchant for archaization of all symbolic forms; it researches the place of the heroic political myth in this process; it analyzes sacral projections of the political in the myth through which the subject-and-object order of the Ukrainian politics world is explained. Thus, the pattern of the heroic monomyth (a structured ontological range of symbols) serves as a program of political reality (as a structured order of political objects). The symbols of the heroic monomyth have sacral significance because they present an idea of political order, stability, forecastability of politics (the latter is lacking in the crisis context of development) when there is unwillingness of a part of citizens to bear responsibility for prospects of future development of events in the country in the conditions of long-term uncertainty. The article researches peculiarities of the how the structure-image of the hero builds the constitution of political reality in Ukraine and Russia.
EN
Medieval and early modern accounts of ethnicity and ethnic genealogy drew on Old Testament, ancient, and Nordic sources. Given the nature of genealogical speculations as narratives that combined a rationalist approach with reference to a particular religious or mythological tradition and political or patriotic aspirations, they can be seen as examples of political myth in Hans Blumenberg’s sense, and the permanent reinterpretation of their narrative core can be understood as “working on myth”. The hypothetical Aryans who emerged from the interaction between British colonial administration and Hindu tradition were better suited to the needs of modern times than the Scythians, whose fundamental racial contribution to the emergence of Western civilization was advocated by John Pinkerton. Thus was born palingenetic Aryan political myth with dramatic implications for the fate of modern society.
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EN
The considerations in this paper focus upon the Russian idea of which consequence and extension is mythology of the Soviet times. We refer to the myths of tsarist Russia and to a specific relation to the authorities in Russia. The main theme of this paper concerns mythology of the Soviet times, especially one of its elements namely, the myth of power. The attention has been shifted to the history of personality cult, which revolved around Joseph Stalin. The position of the leader in the Stalinist soviet state can be conditioned by a relation to the authorities of which origin may be traced back to pre-revolutionary times. In the summary, an attempt has been made to unmask the myth of the leader on the basis of selected works from the circle of Russian samizdat literature.
PL
Autorka prezentuje mit polityczny jako narzędzie dyplomacji publicznej i element stosunków międzynarodowych, opierając się na przykładzie amerykańskich mitów politycznych po 2001 roku. Ogłoszona przez Georga W. Busha wojna z terrorem (War on Terror) wymagała stworzenia politycznych mitów usprawiedliwiających moralnie polityczne i militarne działania Stanów Zjednoczonych. Zadaniem amerykańskiej dyplomacji publicznej w tym okresie było uzyskanie społecznej akceptacji dla tego rodzaju działań, co częściowo udało się w odniesieniu do społeczeństwa amerykańskiego, lecz zakończyło fiaskiem w odniesieniu do światowej opinii publicznej. W ocenie autorki „walka o serca i umysły” globalnej publiczności została przegrana, ponieważ przyjęto błędne założenie o uniwersalności amerykańskiego mitu politycznego, nie zadając sobie trudu poznania i zrozumienia symboliczno-mitycznego kapitału innych uczestników gry.
EN
Based on the example of American political myths created after 2001, a political myth has been presented in this article as a tool of public diplomacy and an element of international relations. The War on Terror declared by George W. Bush created a need for political myths that would morally justify political and military actions to be undertaken by the United States. What came as the main objective of the then U.S. public diplomacy was to achieve social acceptance of this type of actions. As far as American citizens are concerned, the task was partially fulfilled, yet in terms of the reaction on the part of the global public opinion it turned out to be a complete fail. In view of the author the “fight for people’s hearts and minds” was lost because of the mistaken assumption of the universality of the American political myth, without a proper analysis of main symbols and myths underlying other involved countries.
EN
The article presents a legal act as a potential subject of mythologization. The tools derived from the studies on political myth were used to describe a phenomenon that strictly belongs to the political and legal reality – the American JUST Act of 2017, which in recent years has caused many controversies in Polish public debate. While using the theoretical methods of the most notable researchers of the political myth, such as R. Barthes or E. Cassirer, it has been shown that legal acts, as well as their reception and interpretation, are not always based on rational forms of cognition. They can also be affected by a political myth and a mythical form of cognition, which is depicted in this study by means of methodology implemented from the studies on political myth. The article formulates interesting comments that may be useful for a better understanding of the phenomena on the border of Polish jurisprudence, political science and mythology.
PL
W artykule ukazano akt prawny jako potencjalny przedmiot mitologizacji. Do opisu fenomenu należącego ściśle do rzeczywistości polityczno-prawnej – amerykańskiej ustawy JUST, która w polskiej debacie publicznej wywołała w ostatnich latach liczne kontrowersje – użyto bowiem narzędzi wykorzystywanych w badaniach nad zjawiskiem mitu politycznego. Stosując osiągnięcia teoretyczne wybitnych badaczy mitu, takich jak R. Barthes czy E. Cassirer, wykazano, że akty prawne oraz ich recepcja i interpretacja nie zawsze opierają się na racjonalnych formach poznania. Może na nie wpływać także mit polityczny i mityczna forma poznania, co przedstawiono w niniejszym opracowaniu za pomocą znanych badaniom nad mitem narzędzi teoretycznych. W artykule sformułowano interesujące uwagi, które mogą być przydatne dla lepszego zrozumienia zjawisk z pogranicza polskiego prawoznawstwa, politologii i mitologii.
EN
The entity of the aesthetical representation of politics is studied basing on three ontological sources and three methodological views on this process: aesthetical, ethical, and psychological. The essence of the aesthetical presentation of the political sphere and the ways of representing political reality by aesthetical facilities are analyzed. The special concepts of a political symbol, the political metaphor, the political ritual, and the political myth are used in the research to discover the sensual parameters of the political aesthetization as the process and collection of the phenomena.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia niezwykle istotnego w badaniach mitu politycznego na gruncie polskim mitu smoleńskiego z perspektywy podejścia semiologicznego. Analiza teorii Rolanda Barthesa i Tadeusza Biernata, będących przedstawicielami tego właśnie podejścia, pozwoli na przyjrzenie się mitologizowaniu rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej po katastrofie smoleńskiej poprzez schemat powstawania znaków symbolicznie wyrażających mit polityczny. Umożliwi ona również ukazanie obecności tak rozumianego zjawiska mitu w wydarzeniach czy wypowiedziach z omawianego okresu. Celem opracowania stanie się więc ukazanie kluczowego dla współczesnego dyskursu politycznego wydarzenia od strony mechanizmu kreowania mitologizacji w zbiorowej pamięci.
EN
This article is an attempt to present the Smolensk myth (which is a very important subject in Polish myth studies) from the perspective of the semiological approach. The analysis of the two most important theories in that field: one by Roland Barthes and another one by Tadeusz Biernat, will allow to examine the mythologization of the social and political reality after the Smolensk catastrophe. That examination will be conducted by analysing the ways of creating symbolic signs which may express the mythical political meaning. That analysis will also enable the depiction of the semiological meaning of political myths in the events or statements from the times after the catastrophe. In conclusion, the aim of this article will be a depiction of an historical event, which had an enormous impact on today’s Polish political reality, from the perspective of creation of the mythical constructs in the collective memory.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie istotę mitów politycznych, ich strukturę oraz podstawowe funkcje. Opisano także cechy ukraińskiego mitu politycznego. Mity polityczne rozumiane są jako skuteczny instrument wpływu na kulturę polityczną i świadomość obywateli, do których sięgają współcześni ukraińscy politycy w celach walki politycznej lub utrzymania władzy. Artykuł skupia uwagę na destrukcyjnej roli mitów politycznych w rozwoju współczesnego społeczeństwa ukraińskiego. Autorzy utrzymują, że wraz z rozwojem społeczeństwa informacyjnego mity polityczne stają się bardziej adaptacyjne i nabywają umiejętności tworzenia iluzji rzeczywistości, a jego manipulacyjne oddziaływanie staje się coraz bardziej dyskretne i mało dostrzegalne. Taki rodzaj wpływu często prowadzi do symulacji zasad demokracji, przygnębienia i bierności obywateli. Minimalizować manipulacje świadomości społecznej można m.in. za pomocą podniesienia poziomu kultury politycznej i świadomości obywateli, tworzenia otwartego systemu komunikacji między władzą a obywatelami czy rozwoju niezależnych mediów.
EN
The essence of political myths, their structure and key functions have been analyzed in the article. The peculiarities of the political myths’ creation in the Ukrainian society have been also characterized. It has been determined that political myths are an effective tool of influencing the political culture and consciousness of the citizens and that they are being used by the present-day Ukrainian politicians in order to gain and keep power. The attention to the predominantly destructive role of political myths in the development of modern Ukrainian society has also been drawn in the article. The authors claim that with the development of the information society a political myth is becoming more adaptive and gains the ability to create an illusion of reality and its manipulative influence is becoming more masterly and less noticeable. This influence often leads to the simulation of the democratic principles, depression and passive attitude of the citizens. It is possible to minimize the social consciousness manipulation through raising the level of the political culture and consciousness of the citizens, forming an open communication system between authorities and citizens, developing independent mass media, etc.
PL
Artykuł stawia tezę, że silne poczucie amerykańskiej wyjątkowości, będące częścią charakteru narodowego USA rodzi również pewne negatywne implikacje na poziomie krajowym, jak i międzynarodowym. Obniżyło ono jakość dyskursu publicznego, a także wpłynęło na pozycję USA w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Recesja ekonomiczna, zaangażowanie w konflikty zbrojne oraz silne ekonomiczne i społeczne nierówności podważyły wiarygodność amerykańskiego mitu. Etyczne i duchowe zakorzenienie amerykańskiego doświadczenia może być ważnym czynnikiem odrodzenia USA. Istotną rolę dla poprawy jakości amerykańskiego dyskursu publicznego oraz wzmocnienia społeczeństwa obywatelskiego ma do odegrania edukacja.
EN
This article argues that a strong sense of exceptionalism that has informed the national character of the United States over the last two centuries has also resulted with some negative, domestic and international, implications. It has diminished the quality of public discourse in America and undermined the US position in the international community. The recent Great Recession, military conflicts the US has been engaged in, a sharp economic and social disparity within the American society lead to questioning the validity of the American Dream. The US revival is possible only through making the American experience ethically and spiritually grounded and meaningful. It is argued that education should play an instrumental role in improving the quality of public discourse, and building civil society.
EN
Georges Sorel is a Franco-Italian thinker, famous as the creator of the theory of modern political mythology. In Poland Sorel is seen only as a Marxist thinker. In reality, Sorel was a nonorthodox Marxist, but in the last decades of his life he constructed a political mythology of revolution from the Left and the Right. Sorel can be seen in collaboration with communists and sindicalists in Italy and nationalists and monarchists in France. His mixture of communist and nationalist ideas is the ground for the fascist movement of Benito Mussolini.
PL
Gorges Sorel to francusko-włoski myśliciel znany jako twórca teorii współczesnej mitologii politycznej. W Polsce Sorel jest postrzegany tylko jako myśliciel marksistowski. Rzeczywistość jest jednak bardziej skomplikowana. Sorel był nieortodoksyjnym myślicielem marksistowskim, a w ostatniej epoce swego życia skonstruował polityczną mitologię rewolucji od lewicy po prawicę. Sorela równie dobrze można uznać za współpracownika komunistów i syndykalistów we Włoszech co nacjonalistów i monarchistów we Francji. Jego mieszanka idei komunistycznych i nacjonalistycznych jest podstawą faszystowskiego ruchu Benito Mussoliniego.
EN
Relying on the concept of cultural trauma, the author interprets the attitude of post-Yugoslav societies towards the so-called Black Wave films. The paper examines the prohibitions of these films during the communist period, the increased interest in them during the 1990s, and finally, its disappearance from popular culture, which all testify the multilayered cultural trauma which Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav societies have been going through since the 1940s.
RU
Опираясь на концепцию культурной травмы, автор интерпретирует отношение постюгославских обществ к фильму-нуар. В коммунистическую эпоху Новые фильмы были запрещены; в девяностые годы возник некоторый интерес к «черным фильмам», наконец, они исчезли из популярной культуры. Это свидетельствует о многослойности культурной травмы через которую прошли югославские и постюгославские общества начиная с 1940-х годов до настоящего времени.
DE
Cassirer stellte in der Philosophie der symbolischen Formen und im Essay Was ist der Mensch? das mythische Denken als eine der menschlichen Formen der Weltwahrnehmung dar. Er machte das als ein unparteiischer Forscher, indem er suggerierte, dass der Mythos ein integraler Bestandteil unserer kulturschaffenden Aktivität ist. Der Mythos – die mythi-sche Interpretation der Wirklichkeit – tritt zusammen mit anderen Weltwahrnehmungs-formen auf, wie Kunst, Wissenschaft und Sprache. Es war noch bevor die Nationalsozia-listen die Bühne der Geschichte betraten, als Cassirer über das mythische Denken als positive Funktion des Geistes geschrieben hat. Er ahnte nicht, dass der Mythos nicht nur poetisch und imaginativ, sondern auch verhängnisvoll sein kann: Er kann eine Kraft werden, die in den Menschen das Schlimmste auslöst. Nach der Machtergreifung durch Hitler verstand Cassirer, dass der Mythos sich in destruktive Kraft verwandeln kann. Damals ist seine Korrektur der „sanften“ Interpretation des Mythos entstanden. Der folgende Text ist dieser Interpretationskorrektur des Mythos in der Philosophie des „spä-ten“ Cassirers gewidmet.
EN
In his The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms and An Essay on Man, Ernest Cassirer casts mythi-cal thinking as one way in which human beings understand the world. He did so as an impartial scholar, proposing that myth is an inalienable component of human culture-making. Myth, or a mythical interpretation of reality, co-exists with other forms of un-derstanding the world, such as art, science, or language. When Cassirer wrote about mythical thinking as a positive function of the mind, before Nazism stepped onto the stage of history, he had little inkling that myth can have not only poetic and imaginative power, but may also unleash the worst instincts in humans. Following Hitler’s coming to power, Cassirer realised that myth may precipitate destruction, and produced an attenu-ated, “mild” interpretation of myth. It is this corrected understanding of myth in Cassi-rer’s later thought that this text elaborates.
PL
Cassirer w Filozofii form symbolicznych i Eseju o człowieku przedstawił myślenie mityczne jako jedną z form ludzkiego rozumienia świata. Uczynił to jako bez-stronny badacz, sugerując, że mit jest nieusuwalnym składnikiem naszej aktyw-ności kulturotwórczej. Mit (interpretacja mityczna rzeczywistości) współwystę-puje z innymi formami rozumienia świata, takimi jak sztuka, nauka, język. Gdy Cassirer pisał o myśleniu mitycznym jako pozytywnej funkcji ducha przed po-jawieniem się na arenie historii nazistów, nie przeczuwał, że mit może być nie tylko poetycki i imaginacyjny, ale także złowieszczy, w tym sensie, że może stać się taką siłą, która wyzwoli w ludziach to, co najgorsze. Po dojściu Hitlera do władzy Cassirer zrozumiał, że mit może się przeistaczać w destrukcję. I wtedy powstała jego korekta „łagodnej” interpretacji mitu. Tej korekcie interpretacji mitu w filozofii „późnego” Cassirera poświęcony jest niniejszy tekst.
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