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Konstytucja i zaufanie

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EN
Trust is a basic element of human existence, of a person’s relations with other people as well as social relations. It is a normed and protected value, among others in civil, criminal and administrative law, and particularly in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The described legal regulations are based on an empirical assumption that moral sensitivity, honesty and human conscience do not sufficiently guarantee respecting the rights and goods of other legal entities. Detailed legal regulations and jurisdiction of autonomous and independent courts are still needed. The author analyzes the concept of citizen’s trust in the state and the rule of law, formulated in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, and its criticism in the science of law. Confronting the constitutional idea of trust with the Polish political reality shows that even judgments of the constitutional court do not always inspire trust if they are passed by a majority of votes with numerous dissenting opinions attached. According to the author, respecting the natural human right to legal security by the state is a more solid basis for effective trust in citizen-state relations than the link between trust and the rule of law clause detached from social reality. The rules of decent legislation are a direct consequence of the principle of legalism and a necessary component of the axiology of a republican state as acommon good. With reference to the recent years’ crisis regarding the judiciary (the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the National Council of the Judiciary), which is the most important guarantor of the human right to legal security, the author proposes some positive solutions in the form of constitutional changes. Real trust in relations between people, and also in their relations with authorities, does not result from provisions of law, the constitution and codes, but from an individual’s freedom, responsibility and pursuit of good, stemming from natural law.
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania naukowe dotyczące założeń dotyczących rozliczalności wyborczej oraz spostrzeżenia koncepcyjne. Główną hipotezą jest wykazanie iluzorycznego charakteru rozliczalności za sprawowanie władzy po zakończeniu procesu wyborczego. Analizie poddano charakter i wartość epistemiczną rozliczalności wyborczej jako mitu – tworu budującego obraz rzeczywistości politycznej. Badania są poparte dowodami empirycznymi ze współczesnych badań społecznych. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, że pojęcia reprezentacji i rozliczalności w stosunkach politycznych są konstruktami mitycznymi. Pozwala to lepiej zrozumieć błędne oczekiwania, do jakich one prowadzą. Przeprowadzone badania mają charakter międzynarodowy i wpisują się w ogólnoświatowe rozważania nad reprezentacją polityczną.
EN
The article presents scientific research on certain assumptions concerning electoral accountability and provides conceptual insights. The central hypothesis is to demonstrate the illusory nature of accountability for the exercise of power once the electoral process comes to an end. An analysis is made of the character and epistemic value of electoral accountability as a myth – a creation structuring an image of political reality. The research is supported by empirical evidence from contemporary social studies. The purpose of the article is to show that the concepts of representation and accountability in political relations are mythical constructs; such an insight allows us to better understand the false expectations those constructions lead to. The study takes an international approach and contributes to worldwide deliberations on political representation.
PL
Kardynał Stefan Wyszyński był w latach siedemdziesiątych nie tylko niekwestionowanym liderem polskiego Kościoła, ale również powszechnie szanowanym w społeczeństwie autorytetem, którego głos miał duże znaczenie. W powyższej analizie omówiono stosunek „Prymasa Tysiąclecia” do rzeczywistości społecznopolitycznej PRL. Przedstawiono całościowe spojrzenie tego hierarchy dot. funkcjonowania systemu komunistycznego w Polsce (w latach 1974-1978); jego podejście do relacji państwo-Kościół; do kluczowych wydarzeń politycznych (nowelizacja konstytucji, wydarzenia z czerwca 1976, wybór kard. Wojtyły na papieża) oraz stosunku do powstania i działalności opozycji przedsierpniowej. Wspomniana analiza nie aspiruję do pełnego wyczerpania tematu, skupia się na kwestiach najbardziej dla kard. Wyszyńskiego istotnych w sferze społeczno-politycznej.
EN
In the seventies, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński was not only the undisputed leader of the Polish Church, but also a widely respected authority in society, whose voice was of great importance. In the above analysis, the attitude of the „Primate of the Millennium” to the socio-political reality of the PRL was discussed. A comprehensive view of this hierarch was presented regarding the functioning of the communist system in Poland; his approach to the state-church relationship; to key political events (amendment to the constitution, events of June 1976, election of Cardinal Wojtyła as pope) and attitude to the rise and activity of the pre-August opposition. This analysis does not aspire to the full exhaustion of the topic, it focuses on issues most for Cardinal Wyszyński important in the socio-political sphere.
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