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Studium upadku. Proces Anny Boleyn (1536)

100%

Faron M. A.

Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe

2019

vol. 22

issue 42

It is commonly known that the Anne Boleyn’s execution (May 1536) was a consequence of a violation of humanitarian norms governing criminal procedure in 16th century. By undermining the evidentiary side of the proceedings, the rules which English penal procedure was known for and which were applicable to state trials, including in the case of the Queen’s English process, are usually omitted. Although it is unquestionable that the law when it comes to crimes qualified as political, became a tool thanks to which the authority accomplished its goals. It can not be overlooked that the process of Anne Boleyn constructively remains identical with other similar proceedings that took place in the 16th century. Therefore, one should look at the events that led to the conviction of Anne Boleyn, not from the point of view of the current legal and axiological rules, but taking into account the historical and legal context.

Powszechnie uznaje się, że egzekucja Anny Boleyn w maju 1536 była rezultatem naruszenia wszelkich humanitarnych norm rządzących procesem karnym w dobie nowożytnej. Podważając dowodową stronę postępowania, pomija się z reguły zasady które angielska procedura karna znała i które miały zastosowanie w state trials, w tym również w przypadku procesu angielskiej królowej. Choć niewątpliwym jest, że prawo, gdy idzie o przestępstwa kwalifikowane jako polityczne, stawało się narzędziem, dzięki któremu władza realizowała swoje cele to nie można nie dostrzegać, iż proces Anny Boleyn konstrukcyjnie pozostaje tożsamy z innymi podobnymi postępowaniami, które miały miejsce w XVI w. Należy zatem spoglądać na wydarzenia, które doprowadziły do skazania Anny Boleyn, nie z punktu widzenia obecnych reguł prawnych i aksjologicznych, a z uwzględnieniem kontekstu historyczno-prawnego.

Im goldenen Käfig. Die politische Justiz und die Anwälte in der DDR der Ära Honecker

63%

Boss C.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

2018

issue 31

386-404

The right to defence is a very important indicator of the quality of the rule of law. In the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany, later the GDR, the legal profession underwent a transformation. Individual defence for defendants was not to be totally abandoned, but it was meant to be subordinated to the interest of the socialist state. The academic study, which has served as the basis for this article, shows the development of the legal profession in East Germany. Due to the analysis of a large number (about 1,800) of legal procedures that were carried out in Berlin by the Ministry for State Security (MfS), the course of political trials and the conduct of advocates in such trials have been studied for the first time. Contrary to the show trials of the 1950s, a characteristic feature for the Honecker era was a short secret trial. The trial culture clearly deteriorated, though a reverse trend could be observed since the mid-1980s. The research aim is to analyze how it happened. The recruitment of advocates, their organisation in district bar associations, their education and disciplinary measures were not insignificant. The role of the MfS in exerting control over advocates and political trials has also been studied. Even if there were drastic cases of interference in the proceedings by the MfS – also through secret collaborators – until now, the control of the judiciary by the said ministry in the late GDR was rather overestimated. What was more influential were the so-called “steering meetings”. These assemblies – which were secret and are still underestimated – contributed to the fact that the course of the procedures was quite uniform and conformed to the dictatorship of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).

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1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

1 Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe

1 Boss C.

1 Faron M. A.

1 2019

1 2018

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Studium upadku. Proces Anny Boleyn (1536)

Im goldenen Käfig. Die politische Justiz und die Anwälte in der DDR der Ära Honecker