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Polimorfizm języka naturalnego a twierdzenia Kurta Gödla

100%
Gomułka Ł.
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
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2015
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issue 3(12)
25-33
EN
The aim of this paper is to outline Stanisław Lem’s (1921-2006) original views on Kurt Gödl’s theorems. The project consists of five concise paragraphs in which such issues are discussed: the introduction with an explanation of selected terms: a natural language, polymorphism. The author of the article presents a short outline of certain mathematical problems, that is the problems of arithmetics and the history of trying to prove its absolute non-contradiction. The author also includes Gödl’s theorems into the greatest achievements of the scientific thought of 20th century (limitation theorems). After that, epistemological questions of Kurt Gödl’s theorems are introduced together with their original interpretation according to Stanisław Lem. The author of the paper emphasizes that this prominent philosopher and writer introduces cultural-linguistic interpretation of Gödl’s discoveries, thus suggesting that a natural language overcomes ‘Gödl-made abyss’ thanks to its characteristic polymorphism.
2
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Revision of reciprocal action of mercury and selenium

61%
Kuraś R., Janasik B., Wąsowicz W., Stanisławska M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 5
575-592
EN
Diverse forms of mercury (Hg) have various effects on animals and humans because of a variety of routes of administration. Inorganic mercury (iHg) binds to thiol groups of proteins and enzymes in one’s body or is methylated by microorganisms. Organic form of Hg, contrary to the iHg, is more stable but may be demethylated to Hg2+ in the tissue of intestinal flora. Selenium (Se) also occurs in a variety of chemical forms in one’s body but both of these elements behave very differently from one another. Mercury binding to selenide or Se-containing ligands is a primary molecular mechanism that reduces toxicity of Hg. Complexes formed in such a way are irreversible, and thus, biologically inactive. Se deficiency in a human body may impair normal synthesis of selenoproteins and its expression because expression of mRNA may be potentially regulated by the Se status. This paper provides a comprehensive review concerning Hg–Se reciprocal action as a potential mechanism of protective action of Se against Hg toxicity as well as a potential detoxification mechanism. Although interactions between Hg–Se have been presented in numerous studies concerning animals and humans, we have focused mainly on animal models so as to understand molecular mechanisms responsible for antagonism better. The review also investigates what conclusions have been drawn by researchers with respect to the chemical species of Se and Hg (and their relationship) in biological systems as well as genetic variations and expression and/or activity of selenoproteins related to the thioredoxin (thioredoxin Trx/TrxR) system and glutathione metabolism. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):575–592
3
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Effect of the GSTM1 genotype on the biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Meta-analysis

61%
Li D., Wang B., Feng G., Xie M., Wang L., Gao R.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2017
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vol. 30
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issue 2
177-201
EN
The role of glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) in the biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is not clear. Our purpose has been to evaluate the influence of GSTM1 genotypes on 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts, and micronucleus frequency in both occupational and non-occupational populations of null and active GSTM1 carriers. We conducted a meta-analysis on 25 articles that met our strict inclusion criteria (11 studies on 1-OHP, 9 on DNA adducts, and 5 on the micronucleus frequency). In the case of occupationally exposed workers, micronucleus frequency was only significantly higher in the null GSTM1 carriers than in the active GSTM1 carriers. In the non-occupationally exposed general population, 1-OHP and micronucleus frequency were significantly higher in the null GSTM1 carriers. The results of Egger’s test and funnel plot analysis indicated no significant publication bias. In conclusion, GSTM1 genotypes may affect the urinary 1-OHP in the non-occupationally exposed general population, and micronucleus frequency in both occupational workers and non-occupational population. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(2):177–201
4
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Żołnierz wojsk polskich i naukowiec – Stanisław Ossowski

51%
Skurjat K.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
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2021
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vol. 39
78-93
EN
The article reminds Stanisław Ossowski, an outstanding sociologist and political scientist, a representative of the Lviv-Warsaw school, and a brave soldier. The author focuses her attention on two problems selected from his work: on man as an ethical subject and on opportunities and threats in shaping individual and collective social personalities. Stanisław Ossowski regarded disobedience in thinking, faithfulness to the truth, and intellectual honesty as the professional duty of a scientist, especially a humanist, who studies ideas and value systems. He justified the theory of mutual conditioning of the social structure-personality. He studied the impact of decisions of senior government officials on the dynamics of human behaviour and the development of human polymorphism.
PL
Artykuł przypomina Stanisława Ossowskiego, wybitnego socjologa i politologa, reprezentanta Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej i żołnierza. Autorka koncentruje uwagę na dwóch wybranych z jego twórczości problemach: na człowieku jako podmiocie etycznym oraz na szansach i zagrożeniach, które wspomagają albo które zakłócają przebieg procesów kształtowania jednostkowych i zbiorowych osobowości społecznych. Stanisław Ossowski za zawodowy obowiązek uczonego, zwłaszcza humanisty badającego systemy idei i systemy wartości, uważał nieposłuszeństwo w myśleniu, wiernośc prawdzie i intelektualną uczciwość. Uzasadniał teorię o wzajemnym warunkowaniu się struktury społecznej i kultury oraz o wzajemnym uzależnianiu od struktury społecznej – osobowości. Badał wpływ decyzji urzędników rządowych wyższego szczebla na dynamikę ludzkich zachowań i na kształtowanie się ludzkiego polimorfizmu.
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Large population evolutionary games played within a life history framework

41%
RAMSEY D.
Operations Research and Decisions
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2009
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vol. 19
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issue 2
51-74
EN
In many evolutionary games, such as parental care games, the length of time spent playing a realisation of the game is dependent on the strategy of an individual. Also, the payoff of a deserting male cannot be defined in isolation from the strategies used in the population as a whole. Such games should be defined as games against the field (large population games) rather than two-player games. Several examples are presented to illustrate the theory of such games against the field.
PL
W dziedzinie gier ewolucyjnych zwykle zakłada się, że każda jednostka gra wiele razy w dany rodzaj gry dwuosobowej, z tym że za każdym razem jej przeciwnik zmienia się. W przypadku gier ewolucyjnych, takich jak „wojna na wyczerpanie” czy „opieka rodzicielska”, czas wykorzystany na realizację gry zależy od strategii wybranej przez jednostkę. W takich przypadkach należy brać pod uwagę nie tylko średnią wypłatę z każdej realizacji gry, ale też średni czas potrzebny na jej realizację. W tej sytuacji model standardowej gry dwuosobowej powinien być zastąpiony grą wieloosobową. Dodatkowo, w grach typu „opieka rodzicielska” wypłata samca, który nie opiekuje się swoimi dziećmi, zależy od możliwości uzyskania dodatkowych partnerek, co z kolei zależy od strategii używanych w całej populacji. W pracy rozważono kilka przykładów gier wieloosobowych, które są wygenerowane przez grę dwuosobową.
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