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1

Forestalling, Positive Obligations and the Lockean and Blockian Provisos: Rejoinder to Stephan Kinsella

100%
Block W. E.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
|
2016
|
vol. 22
|
issue 3
27-41
EN
The Blockian proviso mandates that no one precludes or forestalls anyone else in their land homesteading patterns such that they prevent them from homesteading virgin encircled land. Kinsella (2007, 2009A) takes issue with this position and likens it to the properly denigrated Lockean proviso. The present paper is an attempt to distinguish the two provisos one from the other, and defend the former from Kinsella’s critiques.
2
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‘A More Human Approach’. Human Rights, Obligations of the State and Network Neutrality in Europe

63%
Nałęcz A.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2019
|
vol. 12
|
issue 19
29-52
FR
L’article explore le concept des obligations positives et négatives de l’État en matière de défense des droits humains, reconnu dans la littérature sur les droits humains et dans les arrêts de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Le concept est ensuite appliqué pour montrer l’importance de garantir la liberté d’expression dans la réglementation des services d’accès à Internet et dans l’application des réglementations pertinentes dans les États membres de l’UE. L’auteur est d’avis que les arguments économiques ne doivent pas occulter la nécessité de garantir la liberté d’expression des utilisateurs finals des services d’accès à Internet.
EN
The article explores the concept of the positive and negative obligations of the state in securing human rights, recognized in human rights literature, and in the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. The concept is then applied to show the importance of securing freedom of expression in regulating Internet access services and enforcing pertinent regulations in EU Member States. The author is of the opinion that economic arguments should not overshadow the need to secure the freedom of expression of the end-users of Internet access services.
3
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Ochrona przed okaleczaniem narządów płciowych kobiet (FGM) w prawie uchodźczym : specyfika i główne problemy systemowe

51%
Gruszka M.
Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
|
2017
|
vol. 15
143-167
EN
The main issue discussed in this paper is the question of characteristic features and main problems of the universal refugee law system based on the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugee from 1951 with its 1967 Protocol applied in cases of fear of Female Genital Mutilation. Referring to the concept of positive obligations of states and its horizontal effect developed by European Court of Human Rights, the paper points out the difficulties of protection from FGM caused by its different socio-cultural and legal aspects. It examines theoretical and practical issues that raises during the process of interpretation and application of the Convention, it takes into consideration states' jurisprudence as well as influential work of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees that helped to develop the good practice.
4
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Extraterritorial application of the right to life on the high sea . Commentary to the Views adopted by the Human Rights Committee of 27 January 2021, A.S., D.I., O.I. and G.D. against Italy, Communication No. 3042/2017

51%
Pacholski B.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
|
2021
|
issue 4
PL
Przedmiotem glosowanej opinii Komitetu Praw Człowieka z dnia 27 stycznia 2021 r. jest ochrona jednego z podstawowych praw człowieka o charakterze zasadniczym – prawa do życia. Komitet jako organ po-wołany do kontroli przestrzegania Międzynarodowego paktu praw obywatelskich i politycznych musiał rozstrzygnąć kwestię odpowiedzialności Włoch za brak udzielenia pomocy zagrożonej zatonięciem łodzi, nawet gdy dany obszar nie znajduje się w obrębie terytorium państwa, a inne akty prawa międzynarodowego wskazują państwo trzecie jako odpowiedzialne za prowadzenie akcji ratunkowej. Zgodnie z opinią Komitetu, stosującego eksterytorialne podejście do ochrony prawa do życia, w każdej sytuacji, gdy państwa mają możliwość podjęcia działań w przedmiocie ochrony praw człowieka, powinny uczynić wszystko, co w danej sytuacji jest możliwe, aby pomóc osobom w potrzebie.
EN
The subject matter of this commentary, which instigates the Views of the Human Rights Committee of 27 January 2021, is the protection of one of the fundamental human rights – the right to life. The Committee, as an authority appointed to oversee compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, had to decide on the issue of Italy’s responsibility for failing to provide assistance to a boat in distress, even if the area in which the vessel was located was not within the territory of this state and other acts of international law attribute the responsibility for executing the rescue operation to a third country. According to the Committee’s views, which applied extraterritorial approach to the protection of the right to life, whenever states have the opportunity to take action for the protection of human rights they should do everything possible in a given situation to help people in need.
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