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EN
The paper presents in detail the views on consumption of the classics of Frankfurt School: Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse. They argued that in capitalist society not only work, but also the market consumption -– although taken voluntarily and bringing consumers satisfaction -– becomes a source of alienation. They conceived alienation as depriving individuals of some fundamental aspect of humanity (individualism, creative potential, critical thinking). While in Marx’s theory means of production belonged to the capitalist class, which controlled them, on the grounds of Frankfurt School discourse means of consumption are supervised by increasingly anonymous, reified system, whose unwitting creator, and at the same time a victim, is each consumer. In this perspective, all members of capitalist society are subjected to oppressive ideology of consumerism, which is a kind of false consciousness.
EN
The main goal of the paper is to discuss whether it is possible to build a contemporary version of Marxist theory based on what was the core of Karl Marx’ theoretical system e.d. theory of the class struggle and theory of the antycapitalist revolution. Any attempt to build such theory encounters epistemological obstacles and theoretical problems connected with issues such as: Bolshevik revolution, phenomenon of “Solidarity” and the fall of real socialism in the East Europe, TINA and the end of history. The thesis of the paper is that to continue Marx’s idea of the world revolution we have to deal with these problems and overcome the obstacles.
EN
The topic of fundamental rights is crucial from the perspective of contemporary social and legal thought. The triumph of fundamental rights can even be referred to as one of the indicators of philosophical modernity. The mainstream approach to fundamental rights is unequivocally optimistic and affirmative. According to this vision, humanity, following Kant's injunction sapere aude, discovered/created and is creatively developing a historically optimal set of normative indicators of functioning for individuals and groups. Author prefers different visions of fundamental rights. His aim is to interpret in a generalising manner the approach to individual rights in critical legal and social thought. He understands the latter as a set of emancipatory discourses, the juridical local variation of which is the Critical Legal Studies movement, not only in its American version, but also in its European version (encompassing various gender and queer theories, post-colonial theories, critical sociology, communication theories, post-humanist theories). The direct intertextual genealogy of various rules adopted by those discourses leads back to the so-called “French theory”, i.e. the thought of French post-structuralists, in particular Michel Foucault and to the programmes of critical theory elaborated by the Frankfurt School.
PL
Problematyka praw jednostki jest ewidentnie fundamentalnym zestawem zagadnień dla nowoczesnej myśli społecznej i prawniczej. Tryumf tej problematyki można chyba nawet uznać za jeden z wyznaczników filozoficznej moderny. Mainstreamowe podejście do praw jednostki jest jednoznacznie optymistyczne i afirmatywne. Oto ludzkość, realizując Kantowski postulat sapere aude, odkryła/stworzyła i twórczo rozwija najlepszy w dziejach zestaw normatywnych wyznaczników funkcjonowania jednostek i grup. Autor przyjmuje całkowicie odmienną perspektywę. Celem tekstu jest generalizująca interpretacja wątków poświęconych prawom jednostki w krytycznej myśli prawniczej i społecznej. Tę ostatnią Autor rozumie jako zespół emancypacyjnych dyskursów, którego prawniczą lokalną odmianę stanowi ruch krytycznych studiów nad prawem, nie tylko w wydaniu amerykańskim, lecz także europejskim (rozmaite teorie gender i queer, teorie postkolonialne, socjologia krytyczna, teorie komunikacyjne, teorie posthumanistyczne). Bezpośrednia intertekstualna genealogia wielu reguł przyjmowanych przez te dyskursy sięga do tzw. French theory, czyli myśli francuskich poststrukturalistów, a zwłaszcza M. Foucaulta, oraz do programów teorii krytycznej Szkoły Frankfurckiej.
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