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COAL MINING IN CENTRAL-EAST EUROPE IN PERSPECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL RISK

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Oeconomia Copernicana
|
2017
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vol. 8
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issue 1
131-142
EN
Research background: Due to increasing economic and sector risk coal mining in Europe is treated as a declining industry. In post-transition economies such approach is a threat for energy security and local and regional economic development. Nowadays, coal mining survival in Central-East Europe is additionally threatened by accumulative global risk factors, especially by price differentiation and shale gas revolution in United States of America. Revealed circumstances require deepen research and diagnosis in the area of risk and corporate management in mining enterprises in Central-East Europe. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the article is to assess industrial risk in coal mining in Central-East Europe. The research is divided into three parts. In the first one the situation of coal mining in Central-East Europe is characterized. It is the basis for selection of the countries for the detailed analysis. In the second part the industrial risk factors are assessed and described. Finally, in the third part their influence on financial results in the examined mining enterprises is evaluated. In the summary the international comparison is made and general assumptions for risk and corporate management are formulated. Methods: In the article a risk checklist is used to identify the economic and industrial risk factors. To determine their influence on financial results on the first stage of research Pear-son’s coefficients are used. Than regression functions are developed. The data are collected on the basis of public statistics and financial statements of the examined mining enterprises. Findings & Value added: On the basis of research results it may be stated that there are only a few countries in Europe in which mining enterprises still operate as separate economic units and all of them have experienced serious financial troubles in the last years. Risk intensification contributed mostly to revenues reduction and negative financial results.
2
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The Type and Role of Social Capital in Post-Transition European Economies

100%
Lissowska M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2009
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vol. 230
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issue 3
1-26
EN
Social capital is widely seen as an important factor behind economic development. It facilitates ties between businesses and reduces transaction costs. It also creates an innovation-friendly environment. But research reports also list some negative aspects of social capital, such as the creation of divisions within society and the uncontrolled emergence of various self-interest groups, and, in extreme cases, mafia-type organizations. Another problem is that the very concept of social capital has not been clearly defined in research reports, according to the author. Lissowska sets out to determine if post-socialist countries differ from other economies in the way they use social capital. She starts out by defining social capital as a partially altruistic approach of an individual toward other people. The study is based on data for 23 European countries collected during a European Social Survey in 2006. This body of data makes the author conclude that post-socialist countries have distinct features as far as social capital is concerned, such as a low level of social confidence and a tendency to maintain “close” rather than “remote” social ties. However, other countries such as Portugal, Cyprus and, less markedly, Spain, display similar features, Lissowska notes. These features may result from these countries’ totalitarian past when social ties were more difficult to establish and maintain than today. They also stem from historic cultural factors such as insufficiently developed civil-society traditions in some of these countries, poor quality of government and law enforcement, religious traditions and new social trends such as people’s drive to succeed economically.
3
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Low Reliance on Credit Among Polish Firms: A Blessing in Disguise at a Time of Financial Crisis?

75%
Boguszewski P., Lissowska M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2012
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vol. 257
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issue 7-8
1-25
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie nieoczekiwanej odporności gospodarki polskiej na skutki globalnego kryzysu finansowego, mimo jej silnej integracji z gospodarkami innych krajów. Stawiamy tezę, że jedną z ważnych przyczyn tej odporności była niska zależność polskich firm od kredytu (niskie wykorzystywanie dźwigni finansowej). Dla wykazania tej tezy posługujemy się zarówno danymi makroekonomicznymi (stan i zmiany udziału kredytu i zobowiązań w bilansach firm o różnej wielkości), jak i danymi pochodzącymi z badań ankietowych przeprowadzanych corocznie na reprezentatywnej próbie firm przez GUS i NBP. Z badania wynika, że duża część firm w ogóle nie posługuje się kredytem. Nie są to jednak firmy o złej kondycji, którym odmówiono kredytu. Biorąc pod uwagę również dobrą kondycję finansową przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w ostatnich kilku latach należy zatem wnioskować, że mały zakres posługiwania się dźwignią finansową był świadomym wyborem przedsiębiorstw o lepszej kondycji finansowej które, zgodnie z teorią „pecking order”, posługiwały się w pierwszej kolejności środkami własnymi. Taka struktura finansowania powodowała ich relatywną odporność na okresowe zacieśnienie polityki kredytowej przez banki i, w konsekwencji, słabszą reakcję na warunki kryzysu finansowego.
EN
The article explores the extraordinary resilience of the Polish economy to the implications of the global financial crisis despite Poland’s strong integration with other economies. The authors hypothesize that one of the key reasons for this resilience is a low reliance on credit among Polish firms and their low use of financial leverage. To validate their hypothesis, the authors use both macroeconomic data (reflecting the role of credit in company balance sheets) and data from surveys carried out annually on a representative sample of companies by Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the country’s central bank, the National Bank of Poland (NBP). The research shows that many firms decide against using credit at all if possible. Interestingly, the authors say, not only companies with a poor financial standing and those whose loan applications have been turned down follow this policy. Generally, Polish companies have been doing relatively well financially in recent years, the authors note, so their limited use of leverage is the result of a conscious choice rather than necessity, especially in the case of companies in relatively good shape. This is in line with the “pecking order” theory under which companies tend to obtain financing from sources that are readily available and then steadily move on to sources that may be more difficult to utilize. This means that a company is likely to make use of its internal resources first. Such a model of financing results in the relative resistance of Polish firms to any periodic tightening in bank lending policies and, consequently, in their greater resilience to the financial crisis, Boguszewski and Lissowska say.
4

Internationalization and Firm Performance of Companies Listed At the Warsaw Stock Exchange

63%
Radło M. J., Ciesielska- Maciągowska D.
Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa
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2015
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issue 11 (790)
92-102
EN
The goal of this study was to assess the impact of the internationalization on the performance of companies in Poland. This paper adds value to the existing research in three areas. Firstly, it tests the hypotheses of a linear, U-shaped and S-shaped relationship between internationalization and company performance as well as shed additional light on this relationship. Secondly, it verifies the mentioned relationship using data for companies listed at the Warsaw Stock Exchange which are still in most cases on early stage of internationalization. Thirdly, the paper contributes to the discussion about the role of corporate structures in economic development of post-transition economies. The results of our study confirmed that there is the S-shaped relationship between multinationality and performance, however, the precise shape of S-curve obtained in our analysis is different that presented in similar studies.
PL
Celem niniejszego rozdziału jest dokonanie oceny wpływu umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw na ich rentowność, a także podjęcie próby odpowiedzi na pytanie jak umiędzynarodowienie wpływa na polskie przedsiębiorstwa. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają S-kształtną zależność pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi, co jest zbieżne z wynikami innych badań poświęconych temu zagadnieniu, jednakże kształt otrzymanej krzywej jest odmienny niż w dostępnej literaturze poświęconej temu zagadnieniu.
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