Remarks on ‘compensatio’ in the Work of Selected Representatives of the School of Glossators Summary The institution of remitting reciprocal receivables and payables by setting them off against each other down to the amount of the lesser debt (compensatio) goes back Roman law. But the duality involved in such practices in modern European legal systems is the result of later developments in the medieval discourse on whether the effects of set-off ensued sine facto hominis, i.e. on the grounds of the provision as such, or on the grounds of a constitutive declaration of will made by one of the reciprocal creditors. This problem was debated in the School of Glossators which was founded in the 11th century by Irnerius. The aim of this paper is to describe the views held by selected glossators of Roman law and to present their influence on subsequent legal solutions adopted in 19th- and 20th-century civil codifications.
This article is devoted to the issue of offsetting claims in the course of bankruptcy proceedings. Considerations are limited to the situation in which one of the claims arose due to the ineffectiveness of the bankrupt's actions under the law itself. The issue remains at the interface between bankruptcy and civil law. in addition, two civil law institutions (modified by insolvency law) were collated: offsetting claims and ineffectiveness of legal action.
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę związaną z wykonaniem kary ograniczenia wolności w formie potrącenia z wynagrodzenia. Analizie został poddany aspekt pojęciowy, podmiotowy, a także problematyka wybranych zagadnień proceduralnych.
EN
The article presents the issues related to the execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty in the form of a deduction from the remuneration. The publication analyses the notional and subjective aspects, as well as selected procedural issues.
Artykuł omawia regulację przepisu art. 2031 § 2 K.p.c., ustanawiającą ograniczenia czasowe w podnoszeniu zarzutu potrącenia w procesie cywilnym. Analiza koncentruje się w szczególności wokół trzech kwestii. Rozumienia (definicji) zarzutu potrącenia, co przekłada się na zakres zastosowania ograniczeń czasowych wynikających z art. 2031 § 2 K.p.c. Wyłączenia przez ten przepis możliwości powoływania się na potrącenie w sytuacji, gdy miało ono miejsce po wdaniu się w spór co do istoty sprawy. Ponadto artykuł wskazuje na problemy interpretacyjne wynikające z powiązania terminu na podniesienie zarzutu potrącenia z wymagalnością wierzytelności pozwanego. Przeprowadzone rozważania pozwalają końcowo na przedstawienie propozycji interpretacji art. 2031 § 2 K.p.c. oraz wysunięcie postulatów de lege ferenda.
EN
The article discusses the regulation of the provision of Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP], establishing time limits in raising a set-off defence in a civil trial. The analysis focuses in particular on three issues. Understanding (definition) of the set-off defence, which is reflected in the scope of application of time limits resulting from Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP]. This provision excludes the possibility of invoking a set-off where it occurred after getting into a dispute as to the merits of the case. In addition, the article points to interpretation problems arising from the connection between the time limit for raising a defence of set-off and the defendant’s due date. The considerations made finally allow for the submission of proposals for the interpretation of Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP] and making de lege ferenda postulates.
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