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1

Segmenty społeczne hiszpańskiej restauracji

100%

Mleczak M.

Studia Historyczne

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2016

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vol. 59

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issue 4 (236)

390-409

EN

Social Segments of the Spanish Restoration (1874–1931) The article analyses two public institutions during the time of the Spanish Restoration (1874–1931): the Catholic Church and the army. This era has earned the appellation of ‘the black legend’, which was largely due to the actions of these two institutions. In reality, this period was actually very different from the caricatured vision of the common rule of the aristocracy, the military and church hierarchy. On the contrary, relations between these three groups were complex and often led to conflicts. Analysing these phenomena and the dynamics of social conflicts through the perspective of Marxist class analysis appears futile. Research using the concept of social segments, as developed by British sociologist Michael Mann, is much more promising, as is presented in the article.

2

Instytucjonalny, społeczny i polityczny wymiar pretorianizmu tureckiego

100%

Herbut M.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2015

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vol. 46

20-34

EN

The term ‘praetorianism’ refers to countries in which the armed forces influence the political system. The army, as an institution, can develop its political power in two ways: in a “direct” and “indirect” fashion. While in the first case the armed forces take control over state institutions, the second is more sublime and is restricted to the building of more concealed methods of influence, such as blackmail. Additionally, the army itself, as the officers are not engaged into politics, shows a high level of political cohesion and military professionalism. Turkey is an example of a country in which a professional army, after decades of acquiring political experience and under favourable conditions, was and still is able to efficiently exert backstage politics. On one side, TSK (Turkish Armed Forces) has developed constitutional and legal means of influencing the government, and on the other, the high public trust in the armed forces allows it to, if necessary, effectively blackmail or even supplant disobedient cabinets.

3

Indirect praetorianism: the case of Turkey's military

72%

Shpak V.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2022

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vol. 54

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issue 4(206)

624-638

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przeanalizowanie mechanizmów niebezpośrednich interwencji wojska oraz wniesienie nowej perspektywy do badań zjawiska pretorianizmu w oparciu o studium przypadku ingerencji tureckich sił zbrojnych w wybory prezydenckie 27 kwietnia 2007. Wykazano w nim, że interwencja wojskowa w formie e-memorandum z 27 kwietnia 2007 była formą prewencyjnego zamachu stanu, często przeprowadzanego przez siły zbrojne pełniące w państwie rolę „strażnika”. W pracy zidentyfikowano podmioty bezpośredniej interwencji bez użycia przemocy, stosowane przez nie metody oraz negatywne konsekwencje dla środowiska wojskowego. Przedstawiona analiza nowoczesnych form pretorianizmu skupia się na tych formach działań niebezpośrednich wojska, w których trudno jest zidentyfikować jego interesy albo dostrzec wzrost jego wpływów politycznych.

EN

Based on a case analysis of the Turkish military interfering on 27 April 2007 in the presidential elections, the article seeks to analyse the mechanisms of indirect interventions and contribute a new perspective to the analysis of praetorianism. The study found that the military intervention that took the shape of an e-memorandum of 27 April 2007 was a form of veto coup that is often used by the guardian-type military. In this paper, the subjects of direct non-violent intervention, their methods, as well as negative consequences for the military environment have been identified. The presented analysis of modern forms of praetorianism focuses on such forms of indirect actions of the military in which it is difficult to identify the interests of the military or see an increase in its political influence.

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1 Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

1 Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

1 Studia Historyczne

1 Herbut M.

1 Mleczak M.

1 Shpak V.

1 2022

1 2016

1 2015

Segmenty społeczne hiszpańskiej restauracji

Instytucjonalny, społeczny i polityczny wymiar pretorianizmu tureckiego

Indirect praetorianism: the case of Turkey's military