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Dezolát

100%
Mžourková H.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2023
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vol. 106
|
issue 5
314-322
EN
The paper deals with the lexeme dezolát, whose frequency in current use has risen considerably since 2021. I overview existing descriptions of the lexeme in Czech dictionaries and other language sources and subsequently compare them with the results of an analysis of the use of the lexeme in current digital media. The analysis primarily focuses on the meanings of the lexeme dezolát, and the contexts of its use.
2
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Využití Natural Semantic Metalanguage při popisu diskurzních částic : případová studie částice vždyť

100%
Doischer T.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2020
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vol. 103
|
issue 1-2
79-96
EN
The meaning of discourse particles is notoriously difficult to describe due to the number of functions each particle can have. In this paper, I present the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to describing the meaning of discourse particles which has been successfully used over the last decades. Using the example of the dictionary entry of the particle vždyť, I show that a polysemic approach leads to an unsatisfactory linguistic description. I then analyze vždyť using the NSM approach, explaining each step in detail. I arrive at the final monosemic definition and demonstrate on examples that it can serve as an adequate description of the meaning of the expression vždyť. I also examine lexicalized expressions containing (vždyť no vždyť and vždyť jo) and describe their meaning as well. Then, I compare the meaning of vždyť to its synonyms (neboť, však, and přece) and formulate a definition for each of the expressions. Finally, I point out the advantages and disadvantages of NSM for describing discourse particles.
3
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Dvosmislenosti zbog reda riječi u hrvatskoj i poljskoj rečenici

80%
Pintarić N.
Annales Neophilologiarum
|
2015
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issue 9
167-188
EN
The autoress analyses differences and ambiguities about Croatian and Polish word order in their grammars or media. In both languages there are no precise rules about order of subordinate words in sentences, which causes ambiguit meanings. The paper consists of 4 parts: 1. description of word order in Croatina grammars; 2. description of word order in Polish grammars; 3. ambiguities during communication in Polish and Croatian media; 4. as a result of this research the autoress shows 10 rules that should be considered in the sentences without ambiguities or mistakes.
PL
Autorka omawia szyk wyrazów w chorwackich i polskich zdaniach lub wyrażeniach zapisanych w gramatykach obu języków lub zasłyszanych w chorwackich i polskich mediach (radio, TV, czasopisma, książki). W niniejszym artykule porusza zagadnienie dwuznaczności szyku wyrazów w zdaniu chorwackim i polskim. Stwierdza, że w gramatykach obu języków nie istnieją dokładne reguły dotyczące miejsca pobocznych części zdania, co może być powodem dwuznaczności w odbiorze treści. Artykuł zawiera cztery rozdziały: 1. opis szyku wyrazów w garamatykach chorwackich; 2. opis szyku wyrazów w gramatykach polskich; 3. dwuznaczność w użyciu przykładów zasłyszanych w mediach polskich i chorwackich; 4. podsumowanie wyników badań w zakresie różnic dotyczących użycia szyku wyrazów w zdaniach polskich i chorwackich.
4
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Komunikační funkce věty a modalita v Česko-německé srovnávací gramatice Františka Štíchy

80%
Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2017
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vol. 99
|
issue 1
113-127
EN
This grammaticographic study deals with the communicative function of sentences and modality from a Czech-German contrastive perspective. The object under scrutiny is František Štícha’s CzechGerman Contrastive Grammar (2nd edition, 2015), one of the milestones of Czech-German contrastive linguistic analysis. The study focuses mainly on greeting formulas, modi, modal verbs, modal words and modal particles. It adresses the question as to how deficiences identified in the description of these phenomena in Czech-German Contrastive Grammar could be remedied. Crucially, special attention is devoted to the user aspect.
5
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Испаноязычная топонимия Филиппин : структура и прагматика

80%
Чеснокова О., Мартыненко И.
Acta onomastica
|
2019
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vol. 60
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issue 2
171-185
EN
The article examines Spanish components in the toponymy of the Republic of the Philippines, regarded as a kind of “cartographic” form of the Spanish language present in this area. Through the language contacts prism between Spanish and Filipino and other languages, primarily English, the authors systematise the structure and pragmatics of the Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines, consider their current state by means of onomastic methods and linguocultural research. The article shows that the main thematic groups of motivating attributes in Philippine toponyms of Spanish origin are: 1) religious units with a widely ramified system of symbols and associations, including personalized, 2) motivating anthropotoponyms, i.e. protagonists known in the history of Spain and the Philippines, 3) migrant toponyms, 4) descriptive toponyms. The language status of Spanish lexemes in the Philippine toponymic framework reveals both their complete assimilation and likening to the norms of the receptor language. Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines are represented in macro- and microtoponyms, reflecting various aspects of interaction at the level of onomastic vocabulary of Spanish and Philippine ethnoses in the polyethnic Republic of the Philippines.
CS
Článek se zabývá španělskými komponenty v toponymii Filipínské republiky, které lze považovat za určitou „kartografickou“ podobu španělského jazyka v této oblasti. Z pohledu jazykových kontaktů mezi španělštinou, filipínštinou a dalšími jazyky, především angličtinou, podávají autoři systematický přehled struktury a pragmatiky španělských komponentů v toponymii Filipín a pomocí onomastických metod a lingvokulturního výzkumu se zabývají jejich moderním stavem. Příspěvek ukazuje, že hlavní tematické skupiny motivující atributy filipínských toponym španělského původu jsou: 1) náboženské jednotky s bohatě rozvětveným systémem symbolů a asociací, včetně personalizace, 2) antroponyma historických osobností známých z dějin Španělska a Filipín, 3) migrující toponyma, 4) popisná toponyma. Jazykový status španělských lexémů ve filipínském toponymickém systému poukazuje jednak na jejich kompletní asimilaci, jednak na připodobnění k normám cílového jazyka. Španělské komponenty se v toponymii Filipín vyskytují jak v makro-, tak v mikrotoponymech, což odráží různé aspekty interakce na úrovni onymické slovní zásoby španělského a filipínského etnika v multikulturní Filipínské republice.
6
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Javni natpisi i javne obavijesti kao sociokulturne i pragmatičke jedinice

71%
Pintarić N.
Socjolingwistyka
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2014
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issue 28
67-92
HR
Nakon određivanja definicije i termina javni natpis autorica provodi klasifikaciju verbalnih, neverbalnih i kombiniranih oblika javih natpisa i javnih obavijesti navodeći primjere u hrvatskoj i poljskoj sociokulturnoj zajednici. Predlaže se da se u javne natpise ubroje pisani jezični oblici, a da se ostali neverbalni i kombinirani oblici nazovu javnim obavijestima ili javnim informacijama. Brojni opisani oblici javnih natpisa razlikuju se po materijalnom ostvaraju: na metalu, papiru, platnu, u kamenu, na automobilima, zidovima, ljudima, na internetu. Kao tekstne vrste javni su natpisi minimalni komunikacijski žanrovi (savjeti, upozorenja, molbe, zahvale, naredbe, dopuštenja, želje i čestitke). Neverbalne javne obavijesti podijeljene su na vizualne, auditivne i kombinirane (opisuju se prometni znakovi realizirani bojom, svjetlosnim signalima, pozicijom, brojevima te ostale informacije izražene logotipom, ukrasima na tijelu, ljudima-spomenicima, gardom, maskama). Auditivne su javne obavijesti: sirene, crkvena zvona, razni oblici pucnjeva (grički top, počasni plotuni) te glazbeni znakovi (intoniranje himni, koračnice, limena glazba).
PL
Po sprecyzowaniu definicji oraz terminu zawiadomienie publiczne autorka przeprowadza klasyfikację werbalnych, niewerbalnych i kombinowanych form zawiadomień publicznych, przywołując przykłady zaczerpnięte z wspólnot społeczno-kulturowych chorwackiej i polskiej. Proponuje, by do zawiadomień publicznych zaliczyć językowe formy werbalne, natomiast pozostałe znaki niewerbalne i kombinowane nazwać informacjami publicznymi. Liczne opisane formy zawiadomień publicznych różnią się sposobem przedstawienia: na metalu, papierze, płótnie, w kamieniu, na samochodach, murach, ludziach, w Internecie. Jako formy tekstowe napisy publiczne są minimalnymi gatunkami komunikacyjnymi (porady, ostrzeżenia, prośby, podziękowania, polecenia, zezwolenia, życzenia). Niewerbalne informacje publiczne funkcjonujące w przestrzeni publicznej dzielą się na audytywne i kombinowane (opisane zostały znaki drogowe oddziałujące kolorem, poprzez sygnały świetlne, usytuowanie, znaki numeryczne oraz pozostałe informacje wyrażone logotypem, ozdobami na ciele, formy pomników przestawiających ludzi, osłony, maski). Audytywne znaki publiczne: syreny, alarmy, dzwony kościelne, różne formy wystrzałów (działo z Griča, salwy honorowe) oraz znaki muzyczne (intonacje hymnów, marsze, orkiestry dęte).
EN
The author has described and classyfied in a lapidary way verbal, nonverbal and combined forms of public signs such as sign boards, graffiti, epigraphs on metal, paper, cloth, stone, walls, cars, men and Internet. These signs could be named as minimal communicative genres, such as: advise, warning, demand, regulation, thanksgiving, wishes, greetings. Nonverbal public signs are all kinds of traffic signs which can be formed by color, ligtening, position, numbers, logotypes, tattooings, alive monuments, guard, masks and uniforms. Auditive signs are represented by sirens, alarms, church-bells, various forms of shooting (Zagreb’s cannon at noon, gunsalute) and musical signs (national anthems, millitary, funeral and wedding marches, brassbands).
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K možnostem korpusového zpracování nadvětných jevů:

71%
Poláková L.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2014
|
vol. 97
|
issue 4-5
241-258
EN
The present contribution is a theoretical and methodological study of the possibilities of processing discourse through the use of corpus methods. Despite the description complexity of phenomena “beyond the sentence boundary”, we argue that even more ways of systematic analysis are possible. Taking into account various attempts during the last decade to create discourse-annotated corpora, a reliable way to proceed in any such analysis is shown to be to distinguish between different layers of discourse analysis (in particular between “semantic” and “pragmatic” aspects) and to stick with the linguistic form as opposed to classifying phenomena with no surface realization.
8
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Nestandardní funkce slova like v mluveném projevu

71%
Raušová V., Brůhová G.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2016
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vol. 98
|
issue 1
45-61
EN
The present study is concerned with non-standard functions of the word like in spoken American English. The aim was to gather all the non-standard functions that have been described in the past 30 years, to create a comprehensive overview serving as the basis for the analysis of a sample of 100 instances of non-standard like excerpted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The sample was analysed and sorted according to the function of like (focus marker, hedge, quotative marker, and discourse marker), while also examining the position and collocations of each instance. The conclusions of the study were validation of the proposed overview and its extension by an additional quotative construction, a more detailed description of the „hedge“ and the focus marker like and also the confirmation that the non-standard like is not an empty intrusive word but a multifunctional, ever-developing device which allows speakers to modify the pragmatic meaning of their utterances.
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