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PL
Można zaryzykować stwierdzenie, iż w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej mamy do czynienia ze stopniowym recypowaniem standardów strasburskich dotyczących podmiotowych granic wolności wypowiedzi. Jak zauważył Trybunał Konstytucyjny w wyroku z dnia 12 maja 2008 r.: „Pod wpływem orzecznictwa strasburskiego, również w polskim w piśmiennictwie podejmowane są próby skatalogowania, czy systematyzacji, zasad decydujących o intensywności ochrony tych wartości (dobrego imienia, czci, prywatności – przyp. AB). (…) Abstrahując od różnic występujących pomiędzy niektórymi orzeczeniami co do obowiązywania oraz znaczenia poszczególnych warunków kontratypu dopuszczalnej krytyki osób pełniących funkcje publiczne, stanowisko w sprawie szerszych granic krytyki tego rodzaju podmiotów od lat konsekwentnie zajmuje Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny oraz Sąd Najwyższy i to zarówno w sprawach cywilnych, jak i karnych”. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest prezentacja wypracowanych w orzecznictwie ETPC standardów dotyczących podmiotowych granic wolności wypowiedzi, oraz zarysowanie procesu ich oddziaływania na polski porządek prawny.
EN
We could hazard statement that in Poland we deal with gradual assimilation of Strasburg standards concerning subjective scope of boundary of freedom of speech. The Constitutional Tribunal noticed in decree of 12th March, 2008 that ‘On the strength of Strasburg judicatures, also polish literature have a stab to doing efforts of compare and digest rules which decided about protection intensity of these values (repute, veneration, privacy – AB’s gloss). […] Elide from differences between decrees concerning obtaining and meaning of particular terms of necessity allowable critique of persons who perform a public function, for years in civil and criminal cases the Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court consistently adopt a position on issue about wider boundary of censure on this kind of persons.’ Purpose of this text is presenting on standards concerning subjective scope of boundary of freedom of speech, established in judicatures of European Court of Human Rights and giving a short sketch of process of assimilation in Poland.
PL
Publiczne prawa podmiotowe należą do jednych z podstawowych pojęć prawnych. Pojawiają się na rożnych płaszczyznach badawczych, pełnią także różne role w prawie cywilnym, w prawie administracyjnym czy też w prawoznawstwie. Chociaż rozwijały się pod wpływem doktryny prawa cywilnego, obecnie są także istotną konstrukcją prawną w prawie administracyjnym i w prawie konstytucyjnym. Treścią praw podmiotowych jest możliwość żądania określonego zachowania się podmiotu, w takim znaczeniu będzie również żądanie pomiotu uprawnionego do określonego zachowania się przez państwo.
EN
The concept of individual rights as one of fundamental concepts of jurisprudence has been developed from various points of view including different research platforms and contents. Even a casual contact with the concept of legal rights makes one certain that, in fact, there are different roles this fully conceptual category functions in jurispru¬dence, civil and administrative law. Because of this assumption it is necessary to focus attention on the issue of in¬dividual legal rights in the above mentioned divisions of law. Individual legal rights evolved under the doctrine of civil law and are now their fundamental assumption. They are currently the legal structure of both administrative and constitutional law what justi¬fies using the term ‘public’. The rights and freedoms as set out in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland are the fundamental public legal rights due to both their structure and content. One should not identify public individual rights with legal norms because public individual law results from the interpretation of legal norm as far as the individual is concerned. After establishing of such a law it is necessary to cover the area of social life with administrative law regulation. Public individual law involves a certain conduct by the entity administered. The manifestation of this law are not duties but rights of the entity administered.
EN
A civil code and a written national constitution are the myths of the Age of Enlightenment and the legal positivism in legislation. Paradoxically, they were set against each other by the constitutionalisation of the subjective rights relating the area of private law, like ownership or the right of succession. The constitutionalisation of this type of subjective rights is an example of decodification. In the clear way, it symbolically diminishes the role of the civil code as a highest source of private law. Moreover, the basic aim of the codification – exclusion of uncertainty and arbitrariness in the application of law – was destroyed by allowing constitutional judges to creatively interpret the general terms and therefore, decide about the shape of valid law. „Right of succession” declared three times in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997 is an expression which can be understood in various, even quite conflicting ways. It introduces the uncertainty about the durability of some norms enclosed in the Civil Code. The jurisdiction of the Constitutional Tribunal clearly shows that the articles 21 and 64 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland are a central regulation of the Polish law of succession which (except Book IV of the Civil Code) also contains separate regulations of numerous special laws. Although sentences of the Constitutional Tribunal often lead to the agreement between these laws and the “spirit of the Code”, this happens only additionally when the Civil Code’s regulations are consistent with the received interpretation of the constitutional terms. It shows that in Polish private law the code’s centralism was replaced by the centralism of the constitutional guarantees for subjective rights. A constitutional regulation of the fundamental rights cannot include the whole of the private law with numerous and detailed regulations. However, the Constitutional Tribunal deduced the variety of fundamental (for present Polish law and European legal tradition) principles from the general guarantees of the right of succession. The examples include: the priority of the succession based on the will of a testator, the existence of the subsidiary order of succession based on family ties, the generality of the capacity to succeed and that the freedom of testation can be limited due to the family solidarity. By formulating these theses – which are not proclaimed in the Constitution, but are present in the European legal tradition – Polish constitutional judges have proven “thinking in the categories of the tradition”. It seems that the Polish legal system managed the problem of depreciation of the civil code’s position due to the existence of constitutions interfering with their fields. Because of this interference, some contradictions between the code and the constitution might have been present. The problem has been solved by filling the Constitution with “the spirit of tradition” from which also the code derives. This way, the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Tribunal introduced general guidelines (created by the evolutionary development of the European tradition of the law of succession) to the legal system through the guarantee of subjective rights and granted them a higher rank than the code itself. Although the constitutionalisation of the private subjective rights is one of the elements breaking the clarity of the legal system, it probably gives a chance to overcome the crisis of the legal system by creating a new model – ridiculous from the Enlightenment’s dogmas of the age of codification point of view – in which a code is one of the special laws and is dependent directly on the general constitution regulation and indirectly, on the legal tradition which shows how constitution terms should be interpreted.
EN
The article addresses the issues of individual rights in the procedure for expulsion of a monk with a religious institute under can. 695 § 1 of the 1983 CIC. The cause of expulsion taken offense mentioned in can. 1395 § 2 CIC 1983, the author is seeking expressions of canon law – the scope of the established theme – the principles derived from the criminal law – the principle of impartiality. Treat the whole procedery expulsion taking into account the remedies. It takes into account the differences arising from the situation when it comes to the intersection of the religious-cleric.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie czytelnikowi problematyki dotyczącej ochrony dóbr osobistych zawartej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. Praca prezentuje kształtowanie się instytucji ochrony dóbr osobistych na tle historycznym. Głównym przedmiotem badań jest analiza aktualnych przepisów prawa cywilnego odnoszących się do istoty pojęcia dobra osobistego oraz do roszczeń, jakie przysługują poszkodowanemu w przypadku ich naruszenia. W polskim ustawodawstwie nie występuje jedna definicja dobra osobistego, skutkiem czego pojęcie dobra osobistego wypracowane zostało przez przedstawicieli doktryny oraz orzecznictwo sądów. Dobra osobiste człowieka są jego prawami podmiotowymi, skutecznymi erga omnes. Ochrona dóbr występująca w Kodeksie cywilnym przysługuje w momencie zaistnienia bezprawnego zagrożenia ich naruszenia. W wyniku całościowej analizy powyższych zagadnień, postulatem autora jest wprowadzenie ogólnej definicji pojęcia dobra osobistego.
EN
The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with the issues concerning the protection of personal interests contained in the provisions of the Civil Code. The work presents the development of institutions for the protection of personal rights in a historical context. The main subject of the research is the analysis of current civil law provisions pertaining to the essence of the concept of personal good and to claims that are entitled to the aggrieved party in case of their violation. There is no single definition of personal good in the Polish legislation, which resulted in the concept of personal good being developed by the representatives of the doctrine and the judicial decisions of the courts. The personal rights of a man are his subjective rights, effective erga omnes. The protection of goods appearing in the Civil Code is vested in the moment of unlawful threat of their violation. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the above issues, the postulate of the author is the introduction of a general definition of the concept of personal good.
6
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Pośmiertne interesy osoby

63%
EN
Does the interest of a person go beyond the limits of her life? In the article we advocate the realistic view, proclaiming that interests of a person continues even after her death. In contemporary philosophy the realistic view of the post-mortem interests, already outlined by Aristotle, had been delivered by Joel Feinberg. The paper associates an ontological thread with a moral philosophy and general reflection on the notion of a person. Developing the Timothy Chappell’s idea, we introduce the term of personal stance, which is an aspect of the proleptic nature of the concept of a person. Since personal stance includes also a dead person, she belongs to the primary moral constituency. This fact clarifies our concern for the posthumous fate. Lastly, we argue that in the light of private law posthumous interests are to be understood as personal rights.
7
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Filozofia praw podmiotowych

54%
EN
Rights are one of the fundamental concepts in philosophy of law, ethics, and political philosophy. However, in Polish language the general research on rights has been neglected. Most of the scholars are concerned with the specific kinds of rights (e.g. human rights, constitutional rights) and not rights as a basic philosophical concept. This article investigates the differences between Polish and English theoretical discourses on rights. It stresses the philosophical importance of this concepts and outlines the crucial issues that have to addressed.
PL
Prawa podmiotowe (ang. rights) są jednym z czołowych pojęć w anglosaskiej filozofii prawa, filozofii politycznej i etyce. Polski dyskurs filozoficzny zajmuje się najczęściej szczegółowymi problemami lub typami praw podmiotowych (prawa człowieka, prawa konstytucyjne), brakuje natomiast refleksji filozoficznej nad prawami podmiotowymi w ogólności. Refleksję taką można odnaleźć w piśmiennictwie cywilistycznym i konstytucjonalistycznym. W artykule wskazano na różnice w polskim i angielskim dyskursie na temat praw podmiotowych, starano się połączyć różne obszary refleksji nad tymi prawami (w szczególności prawa, etyki i polityki) oraz wskazano na ich filozoficzny potencjał i zasadnicze kwestie problemowe.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problematyki stosowania procesowych i pozaprocesowych form ingerowania władzy publicznej w tajemnicę komunikowania się. Stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytania, czy w każdym z wymienionych typów kontroli prawa podmiotowe osoby inwigilowanej chronione są w jednakowym stopniu oraz zakresie i czy konstytucyjna zasada równości wobec prawa jest zasadą urzeczywistnioną w przepisach regulujących omawianą materię.
EN
The paper discusses the procedural and extra-procedural forms of interference of public authorities into the confidentiality of communications. It attempts to answer whether through both types of control the subjective rights of the individual under surveillance are protected equally and to the same extent, and whether the constitutional rule of equality before the law is embodied in legislation on the said area.
PL
The paper aims at presenting Wesley Newcomb Hofeld’s conception of rights and its possible implementations and developments. The Hohfeldian conception of jural correlatives is analysed against the debate on the essence of rights. The Hohfeldian theory could be applied as the point of departure for further research on claims and entitlements in various settings. The paper discusses the recent concept of molecular rights as functional correlatives. The theory of molecular rights is analysed from the perspective of both will and interest theories or rights.
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