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1

Czy na pewno martwa instytucja? Staropolskie i austriackie pactum advitalitium w perspektywie współczesnej

100%
Bokwa K., Jarosz I.
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne
|
2018
|
vol. 25
109-124
EN
Pactum advitalitium was an early Polish legal institution established through a marital agreement. It was a form of annuity by means of which spouses established a right of usufruct of the entirety of an estate, effective upon the passing of one spouse and existing for the lifetime of the beneficiary. The practical purpose thereof was to secure the material well-being of a widowed spouse, usually the wife, given not only that the legal system did not provide for commune marital property, as well as that there was no statutory spousal succession. Later, after the partitions of Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, the institution discussed herein was adopted by Austrian law and regulated in the newly enacted Austrian Civil Code (ABGB), with slight modifications enabling i.a. to encumber not only the whole estate or a part thereof, but also several assets of a future estate. Thus advitalitium had become available within the vast Austrian Empire, yet it did not gain a wide recognition among the nations of the Monarchy, remaining an infrequently used institution, which led to its repeal in 21st century. The very legal character of pactum advitalitium was and is still controversial, leading the academia to suggest multiple explanations of its nature, often varying significantly dependent on the subject of advitalitium in a specific case (the entirety of an estate or a part thereof or several assets). The authors aim to examine the origins and history of advitalitium regulation in early Polish and Austrian law in their historical context, later to recount the doctrinal concepts explaining its character. To pursue both there aims, historical and formal-dogmatic methods are employed. The authors then move on to discuss the possibility of reaching results identical or just similar to ones achieved by means of an advitalitium in modern Polish law, applying the formal-dogmatic method, to show that not only no comparable institution exists in Polish law nowadays but, moreover, that similar results cannot be achieved by applying instruments known to Polish law. Such analysis enables the authors to arrive at conclusions regarding the possible application of advitalitium as an instrument of estate planning in the context of modern family relationships, which could lead to the rediscovery thereof in modern legal systems.
2

Monetary compensation for marital infidelity and damages resulting therefrom in comparative perspective

80%
Bokwa K., Jarosz I.
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne
|
2019
|
vol. 29
159-170
EN
The way the law regulates marriage and marital relations stems, at least to a certain extent, from the common beliefs of the society concerning these issues. The same can be said of the law of torts, whose norms arise from the social convictions regarding who and to what extent shall bear certain damages, including the fundamental issue of whether such damages should be subject to compensation at all or should they be incurred by the party (at least allegedly) injured. This paper aims to present a brief comparative analysis of the admissibility of seeking monetary compensation for marital infidelity in legal systems close to Poland (German, Austrian), as well as in common law systems, and then present the possible legal grounds for such claims under Polish law, acquis of case-law and legal academics, namely — the claims related to the infringement of personal rights (Article 23, 24 and 448 of the Polish Civil Code). The Polish approach is discussed in the context of a recent landmark Polish Supreme Court decision, where it has been ruled that the abovementioned provisions cannot be construed as to provide monetary relief for non-material damages suffered by betrayed spouses. The authors employ legal comparative and historical methods, supplanted by formal-dogmatic ones, to describe and show the evolution of the law concerning monetary liability for marital infidelity, in light of the statutory law and jurisprudence of Poland.
PL
Sposób, w jaki prawo reguluje małżeństwo i relacje między małżonkami, jest silnie zakorzeniony w powszechnych osądach moralnych dotyczących tych kwestii. Podobnie rzecz się ma z wynagrodzeniem szkody, w wypadku którego zasadniczą rolę odgrywa społeczne przekonanie co do tego, kto, czy i w jakim stopniu powinien ponosić odpowiedzialność za jej wyrządzenie. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie możliwości dochodzenia pieniężnej rekompensaty za niewierność małżeńską w perspektywie komparatystycznej, analizując pokrótce możliwości istniejące w tym zakresie zarówno w systemach bliskich polskiemu (niemiecki, austriacki), jak i w systemach common law. W dalszej kolejności prezentowane są potencjalne prawne podstawy dla tego rodzaju roszczeń w prawie polskim, mając na uwadze tezy doktryny i orzecznictwa, w szczególności na gruncie przepisów o ochronie dóbr osobistych (art. 23, 24 i 448 k.c.). Autorzy odnoszą się zwłaszcza do niedawnego wyroku Sądu Najwyższego wyłączającego zastosowanie przepisów o ochronie dóbr osobistych do konstruowania roszczenia o zadośćuczynienie za krzywdę wyrządzoną zdradą małżeńską. Autorzy używają metod komparatystycznej i historycznej, wspartych analizą dogmatyczną, by ukazać ewolucję różnorodność i ewolucję norm dotyczących majątkowej odpowiedzialności za zdradę małżeńską, w szczególności w świetle polskiego prawa i orzecznictwa.
3

Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza państwa za bezprawne działania jego organów według ABGB w świetle wykładni Sądu Najwyższego (1918–1939). Przyczynek do dziejów austriackiej tradycji prawnej w Polsce

80%
Dziadzio A.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
|
2012
|
vol. 5
|
issue 4
295–305
EN
The paper analyses the fundamentals of civil law liability of the State for the harm resulting from the excercising of public power in both the Austrian constitutional monarchy(1867-1918) as well as in the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939). The paper is designed to demonstrate the extent to which decisions of the Austrian Supreme Tribunal in the area of compensatory liability - were reflected in the decisions of the Polish Supreme Court of the inter-war time. The possibility of survival, in this area, of the Austrian legal thought in the independent Poland was justified both by the binding force of the same Civil Code (which was the ABGB still in force until 1946 in the area of former Austrian partition) as well as by similar constitutional regulations. Both the Austrian Constitution of December 1867 as well as the Polish Constitution of March 1921 accepted the liability of State for harm done to an individual by the agencies of State power, the harm resulting from the activities of the officials who operated contrary to law. Yet the regulations of both Constitutions were deprived of executory provisions. Similiar (and partly even identic) legal state was, to a large extent, decisive of the adopting by the Polish courts of the adjudicating line characteristic of the Austrian courts. The analysis of both the Austrian as well as the Polish court decisions disclosed that in numerous cases in which compensatory claims were raised the courts tended toward the weakening of the principle of the absence of liability of the State for the harm done by its agencies as due to the shortage of the detailed provisions. The first attempt to remedy this absence was made by the Supreme Tribunal (Ober-Gerichtshof) as well as by the Tribunal of State (Reichsgericht) in the monarchical Austria. The arguments resorted to by the two Tribunals facilitated the recognition in 1931 by the Polish Supreme Court of the principle of limited liability of State Treasury for the harm done to somebody as a result of excercising the public power by the State agencies.
4

„Pflegevermächtnis” - austriacki sposób na wynagrodzenie za opiekę nad zmarłym

80%
Sobański P.
Rejent
|
2022
|
issue 2 (370)
47-67
EN
The purpose of this article is to present and analyze the new institution in the austrian inheritance law, ie Pflegevermächtnis - the care legacy. The problem of an aging population refers to the vast majority of European countries, and thus there is a need to adapt legal regulations to the new circumstances. The examined issue has two important social goals: providing elderly people with proper care in the last years of their life and due remuneration of family members who have been provided with care over a deceased. So far, in Austria, people who looked after the deceased before his death were forced to seek compensation in difficult and lengthy trials, with the lack of a settled case-law in this regard. The presented analysis of the Austrian care legacy can be an interesting material for analysis for the Polish legislator in the case of the desire to solve the problem of remuneration and care for a testator before his death.
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