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Ius cogens czy ius dispositivum? Kilka uwag o charakterze norm prawnych na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie

100%

Fijałkowska L.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

2016

vol. 19

17-23

The paper concerns the nature and scope of applicability of law in the ancient Middle East. It first discusses royal normative acts, especially the so-called codes of law and mišaru edicts, and proceeds to an analysis of customary law to conclude that while laws allowed parties a much greater freedom in shaping their legal relationships in the ancient Middle East law than they do today, such freedom was limited by imperative standards of customary norms.

Celem artykułu jest analiza charakteru i zakresu zastosowania norm prawnych na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie. W pierwszej kolejności omówione zostały królewskie akty normatywne, a w szczególności tak zwane kodeksy prawne oraz edykty mišaru, następnie zaś – normy prawa zwyczajowego. Analiza ta prowadzi do wniosku, że choć swoboda umów na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie była znacznie szersza niż dzisiaj, ograniczały ją imperatywne normy prawa zwyczajowego.

Contrats de mariage judéo-araméens du Ve siècle av.n.è. La position juridique de l’épouse

88%

Lipiński E.

The Biblical Annals

2014

vol. 4

issue 1

9-41

The Aramaic marriage contracts from the Jewish military colony in Elephantine, written in the course of the fifth century B.C., provide much needed information about the legal position of the wife in the first millennium B.C., especially in the Persian period. They reflect the practice of middle class families, in which the wife’s rights and the basically monogamous character of marriage, as stipulated by the contracts, parallel an old Near Eastern legal tradition, quite different from the rabbinic one, based in part on a misread, misinterpreted, and widely discussed text of Deut 24:1-4. The article examines the successive steps of marriage agreement, as presented in the contracts, which have some basic features in common and record the bridegroom’s request, his solemn marriage declaration, the payment of the bride-price, the drawing up of a written contract with a description of the dowry, and the stipulations referring to the dissolution of marriage by divorce or death of one of the parties. Their equal rights in case of divorce are not due to the Egyptian environment, but to an old Semitic tradition, going back at least to the early second millennium B.C. The monogamous principle of the marriage contracts in question is also examined and their social context is briefly characterized.

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1 Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

1 The Biblical Annals

1 Fijałkowska L.

1 Lipiński E.

1 2016

1 2014

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Ius cogens czy ius dispositivum? Kilka uwag o charakterze norm prawnych na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie

Contrats de mariage judéo-araméens du Ve siècle av.n.è. La position juridique de l’épouse