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Wpływ prawa świeckiego na powstanie prawa patronatu

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EN
According to the institution of ius patronatus, catholic founders of churches and chapels gained patron enjoyed privileges and duties. A better understanding of patronus can be obtained by reference to the roman law, is which this term means somebody had regained his slave's freedom. Further meaning of this word patronus is defender (advocate). The article shows the impact of civil law on the establishment of patronage's right. This institution originates from church law in this field of its regulation but also has very close connection with civil law. Patronage is formed as a result of a “competition’s process” of private ownership right of churches' founders with ecclesiastical law. There is indicated a special nature of patronage as an exceptional institution which should not just be identified with ecclesiastical law. Church law has not separated definitely the right in property and personal law. The Author tends to lean towards the view that patronage has a “mixed” nature of ecclesiastical and secular. As a consequence patronage's right is formed by these two legal systems.
EN
The royal tenure on church estates resulted from an initiative of King Casimir the Great (Kazimierz Wielki) or the monastery being their owner. The reason declared officially for setting up the lifelong tenure was the intention to improve the economic condition of the church estates (melioratio bonorum). Yet one can also guess other, hidden reasons for setting up such tenures. It is so as in this way the king had a pretext to manifest the royal right of patronage towards monasteries and also derived profit, although the latter was not necessarily obtained at the moment of conducting the improvement of the estates. It is also probable that King Casimir counted on the fact that the monastic endowments he only held in lifelong tenure would remain in the hands of the royalty for ever. Being the lifelong tenant, the king had limited material rights to the estates held. They consisted of the rights of the owner, yet without the right to dispose of the object of tenure (ius disponendi). It was the monastery that remained the owner of the estate that the king held in tenure. With the death of King Casimir, the tenure terminated, and the estates it covered returned to their owners. Perhaps pro melioratione tenures played a lesser role in the king’s internal policy than what the opinions of some researchers suggest.
PL
Dożywocie królewskie na dobrach kościelnych powstawało z inicjatywy Kazimierza Wielkiego, bądź klasztoru będącego ich właścicielem. Deklarowaną oficjalnie główną przyczyną ustanowienia dożywocia był zamiar poprawienia stanu gospodarczego włości kościelnych (melioratio bonorum). Można się jednak domyślać także innych, ukrytych powodów ustanawiania dożywocia. Dawało bowiem ono królowi pretekst do zamanifestowania monarszego prawa patronatu względem klasztorów a także przynosiło dochód, niekoniecznie osiągany dopiero w efekcie przeprowadzonej melioracji dóbr. Prawdopodobnie też król Kazimierz liczył, iż dobra klasztorne, choć posiadane przezeń tylko dożywotnio, pozostaną w rękach monarszych na stałe. Na posiadanych dobrach król, jako dożywotnik miał ograniczone prawo rzeczowe, na które składały się uprawnienia służące właścicielowi, jednak bez prawa dysponowania przedmiotem dożywocia (ius disponendi). Właścicielem dzierżonych przez króla dóbr był klasztor. Z chwilą śmierci króla Kazimierza dożywocie gasło a dobra nim obciążone powróciły do właścicieli. Być może dożywocie pro melioratione odgrywało mniejszą rolę w polityce wewnętrznej monarchy od tej, jaką sugerują wypowiedzi niektórych badaczy.
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