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EN
In this article, author focuses on the regulation of the right to expectative of separate ownership based on the Act of separate ownership of the premises, Housing Cooperatives Act and Act protection of the rights of the purchaser of a separate ownership of the premises or a single-family house and the impact of that institution to increase the safety of trading participants containing development contracts. The author presents a framework of expectative of separate ownership and the conditions which must be met is necessary for the creation of that right to reasonable. Article also includes an analysis of the effectiveness of the various conditions of a expectative , they compare to similar legal institutions in the context of the needs of the housing market, as well as the desire to maximize the protection of potential buyers of these premises and investors.
EN
Gambling is a problem of a social nature, it excludes from the environment, deprived of family, friends, work. At the same time, gambling is also certainly a mental disorder disabling conscious behavior. Gambling disease should be treated as one of a number of sicknesses, disabling the ability of informed choices. As a disease with lasting condition and disturbing perception of reality gambling certainly is an intrinsic prerequisite for incapacitation. Basis decision for the incapacitation always should be determine by the presence of the disorder, disease state. In Contrary to the law, especially art. 16 of the civil code, would be ruling on the incapacitation only focus on the lack reasoning for the rational conduct; particularly literal search for the causes of the statutory standard, is an open directory.
EN
A housing cooperative that owns a real estate or a construction object and a perpetual usufructuary of land is a taxpayer regarding the real estate tax, except that it is paid according to different rates. In case of land and buildings related to business operations, the tax is calculated at higher rates. In the author’s opinion, the statutory phrase “buildings related to conducting business activities” should be understood as a fact of an actual use of a residential building for such activities.
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Umorzenie absorpcyjne a prawa pokrzywdzonego

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EN
The aim of the present article is to depict the legal position of the aggrieved party in the cases of discontinuation of legal proceedings on the basis of Article 11 of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure. The study presents an analysis of such aspects of that institution as: legitimacy of its introduction and application in the context of the aggrieved party’s interest, as well as the fights to appeal against the decision of an agency in charge of criminal proceedings. In addition, the study describes the issue of a subsidiary indictment complaint lodged by the aggrieved party in the case of absorptive discontinuation.
EN
This article describes the ways to support theses in television news programs. The research material is based on the three most popular programs on Polish television: Fakty, Wiadomości and Teleexpress. Information which was analyzed, was presented from March 1st–3rd, 2017. As a result of the analysis it was possible to identify the theses, which are: quotations, paraphrases of public statements or journalistic conclusions resulting from interpretation of socio-political phenomena. The subjects in the question are verbalized by journalists (who are running the program) or are included in the narratives accompanying the presented film material. Additionally, they also appear in graphically animated banner inscriptions. The support is mostly verbal – the media primarily use two techniques: ab auctoritate (expert statement, politics) and ab exemplo. The second group of theses are the graphical ways to support them – where evidence and examples are most often drawn from online sources: what dominates is the influence of the activities of public figures in social media. In addition, scans of various official documents, open letters are displayed, data visualizations in the form of tables, graphs and diagrams are less frequent. What is valid there were also theses without support – the role of the support is taken by the credible medium. It is interesting to encourage the inferential activity of program viewers – only the premises are presented, drawing the conclusion is the task of the recipient.
PL
W artykule opisane są sposoby wspierania tez w telewizyjnych programach informacyjnych. Jako materiał badawczy służą wydania trzech najpopularniejszych w Polsce programów: Faktów, Wiadomości oraz Teleexpressu. Analizie poddano informacje wyemitowane w dniach 1–3 marca 2017 r. W wyniku analizy udało się ustalić źródła pochodzenia tez – są cytatami, parafrazami wypowiedzi osób publicznych lub konkluzjami dziennikarskimi, które stanowią efekt interpretacji zjawisk społeczno-politycznych. Tezy, o których mowa, są werbalizowane przez dziennikarzy (prowadzących program lub terenowych) lub zawarte w narracjach towarzyszących prezentowanym materiałom filmowym. Dodatkowo pojawiają się także w graficznie animowanych napisach banerowych. Wsparcie tez najczęściej ma postać werbalną – media posługują się przede wszystkim dwiema technikami: ab auctoritate (wypowiedzi eksperta, polityka) oraz ab exemplo. Drugą grupę stanowią graficzne sposoby wspierania tez, gdzie przesłanki, dowody i przykłady najczęściej zaczerpnięte są ze źródeł internetowych: dominują tu owoce aktywności osób publicznych w mediach społecznościowych. Ponadto prezentowane są skany różnych dokumentów urzędowych, listów otwartych, rzadziej pojawiają się wizualizacje danych w postaci tabel, wykresów i diagramów. Wykryto także tezy bez wsparcia – jego rolę pełni wiarygodność medium. Ciekawy zabiegiem jest zachęcanie do aktywności inferencyjnej widzów programu – prezentowane są wyłącznie przesłanki, stworzenie konkluzji to już zadanie odbiorcy.
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