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The paper treats of the mechanisms of succession of the president’s power in some post-Soviet countries. It argues that they are correlated with the search for the continuity of the state and its systemic stability.
EN
The President is referred to as the “guardian of the constitution”, but modern constitutions do not guarantee its participation in the process of changing the constitution. Sometimes the president can be analyzed with procedures excluded, but it is usually the participant. This activity is associated with the final phase of the procedure for amending the constitution – signing and announcement of the bill amending the Basic Law. Few presidents have the right of veto, to initiate the constitutionality, or carry out an act amending the constitution. Many European countries have the right to entrust the President of the initiatives to amend the Constitution. The objectives of the analysis is to ascertain what are the powers of the president in the procedure of revision of the Constitution. It certainly covers all 33 European republic.
EN
The article presents the evolution of the position of the President within the state and government system in Ukraine in the period of independence. The paper is based on the analysis of norms of particular legal acts, such as the constitutional amendment and the President Act of 1991, the constitutional agreement of 1995, the constitution of 1996 and the constitutional amendments of 2004 and 2014. The Constitutional Court ruling of 2010 restoring the President’s broad scope of powers was also taken into account. The results of the analysis allowed to answer the question of what constitutional and legal position was granted to the President in the period of emergence of the Ukrainian state and how it changed during individual stages of the country’s independence.
EN
In 1996 and 2015 two unsuccessful referendums have been carried out in Poland. They shared in common the institution of the initiator of the referendum (the president), low turnout, and instrumental treatment of these votes. The referendum of 1996 was intended to help Lech Wałęsa in the realization of his campaign promises. In 2015 Bronisław Komorowski wanted the referendum to win him the support of the followers of Paweł Kukiz. Many mistakes have been made during both referendums; for example: poorly worded questions, omission of detailed explanation of the consequences of the referendum, a series of manipulations from the politicians, such as the submission of additional questions. The ineffective results of these votes and the negative events surrounding their campaign had their impact on the state of the Polish direct democracy as well as on its functioning in the framework of the political system of the Third Republic.
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