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EN
The commented ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal concerns the constitutionality of the provision of Article 70(1) of the Family and Guardianship Code, which provided that the time limit for a child to bring an action to deny the paternity of his or her mother’s husband is three years and runs from the moment the child reaches the age of majority, regardless of the child’s know-ledge of his or her biological origin, i.e. regardless of whether the child within that time limit acquired knowledge that he or she did not come from his or her mother’s husband and whether the child could decide to bring an action. The expiry of the three-year period resulted in the expiry of the child’s right to claim the denial of paternity of the mother’s husband and, consequently, precluded the possibility of a positive determination of the paternity of a man other than the mother’s husband. The Constitutional Tribunal found this provision to be inconsistent with Article 30 in conjunction with Article 47 in conjunction with Article 31(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author agrees with the position expressed by the Constitutional Tribunal in the judgment in question, which in this case provides a basis for consideration of the relationship between the right to know one’s biological origin and the value of stabilising the civil status of a child and persons remaining in an established family relationship with him or her.
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PATER SEMPER INCERTUS!

58%
EN
The essay is devoted to an important and current issue of contemporary law, namely the area of legal presumptions: the appearance of the concept in medieval canon law and its consolidation in the following centuries. Then the paper focuses on the presumption of paternity, referring to Roman roots and exceptions to the rule. A separate issue is a copy of Digestum Vetus from the 12th and 13th centuries, kept in the National Library in Kórnik, and an illustration of Ulpian’s statement in the text, which is also an illustration of everyday life in the Middle Ages.
PL
Esej poświęcony jest ważnym i aktualnym zagadnieniem prawa współczesnego, a mianowicie domniemaniom: pojawianiu się koncepcji w średniowiecznym prawie kanonicznym oraz jej ugruntowaniu się w kolejnych wiekach. Następnie skoncentrowano się na domniemaniu ojcostwa, wskazując na korzenie rzymskie oraz na wyjątki. Odrębnym wątkiem jest egzemplarz Digestum Vetus pochodzący z XII i XIII w., przechowywany w Bibliotece Narodowej w Kórniku i znajdująca się w tekście ilustracja wypowiedzi Ulpiana będąca też ilustracją życia codziennego w średniowieczu.
3
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Content available

Pater semper incertus!

58%
EN
The essay is devoted to an important and current issue of contemporary law, namely the area of legal presumptions: the appearance of the concept in medieval canon law and its consolidation in the following centuries. Then the paper focuses on the presumption of paternity, referring to Roman roots and exceptions to the rule. A separate issue is a copy of Digestum Vetus from the 12th and 13th centuries, kept in the National Library in Kórnik, and an illustration of Ulpian’s statement in the text, which is also an illustration of everyday life in the Middle Ages.
PL
Esej poświęcony jest ważnym i aktualnym zagadnieniem prawa współczesnego, a mianowicie domniemaniom: pojawianiu się koncepcji w średniowiecznym prawie kanonicznym oraz jej ugruntowaniu się w kolejnych wiekach. Następnie skoncentrowano się na domniemaniu ojcostwa, wskazując na korzenie rzymskie oraz na wyjątki. Odrębnym wątkiem jest egzemplarz Digestum Vetus pochodzący z XII i XIII w., przechowywany w Bibliotece Narodowej w Kórniku i znajdująca się w tekście ilustracja wypowiedzi Ulpiana będąca też ilustracją życia codziennego w średniowieczu.
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