Search results

1

Legal argumentation when working with presumptions in the process of applying the law in the continental legal system

100%

Dimova-Severinova D. M., Yordanova Ivanova G.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2023

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vol. 13

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issue 1

42-56

EN

This article deals with the process of application of presumptions in law. Legal argumentation is part of all proceedings of applying the law. Every act of court’s jurisdiction should be justified and motivated as a guarantee of its correctness and lawfulness. In the proceedings of applying the law in the continental legal system, legal facts are not always proved through instruments of evidence. The legislator in modern society provides for the use of legal and factual presumptions in procedural laws. This article analyzes the specifics in legal proceedings when working with presumptions in the continental legal system. The question when and how the presumptions should be applied, how and for what reasons unfoundedness of judicial acts is allowed, is raised. The scientific work offers a methodology for construction of the legal justification in the acts on application of the law. In view of the presence of assumptions when comparing the factual and the normative, categorization of the logical variants of the conclusion is being derived. We emphasis on the analysis of factual presumptions and degrees of probability of court’s conclusions when working with them.

2

Podstawowe domniemania w procesie weryfikacji wyborów w państwie demokratycznym

75%

Mojski W.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2021

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issue 4 (62)

225-234

EN

The election verification process, understood as checking the correctness of their course within the legally prescribed framework, is an essential element of the election procedure in a democratic state. This process in a relatively short period of time, must lead to the declaration of validity or nullity of the elections, which is necessary for confirming or contradicting the democratic legitimacy of elected representatives of power. The complexity of the elections translates into the complexity of the process of their verification, which, in order to simplify it, leads to the use of legally established presumptions in it. The aim of this study is the theoretical analysis of the basic election presumptions of democratic states, i.e. the presumption of validity of elections and the presumption of constitutionality of the election procedure, taking into account the systemic dangers related to their incorrect application.

PL

Proces weryfikacji wyborów, rozumiany jako sprawdzenie prawidłowości ich przebiegu według prawnie wyznaczonych ram, jest niezbędnym elementem procedury wyborczej w państwie demokratycznym. Proces ten w stosunkowo krótkim czasie musi doprowadzić do stwierdzenia ważności lub nieważności wyborów, co ma podstawowe znaczenie dla potwierdzenia lub zaprzeczenia demokratycznej legitymacji wybranych przedstawicieli władzy. Stopień skomplikowania wyborów przekłada się przy tym na stopień skomplikowania procesu ich weryfikacji, co w celu jego uproszczenia prowadzi do wykorzystywania w nim ustanowionych prawnie domniemań. Celem tego opracowania jest teoretyczna analiza podstawowych domniemań wyborczych państw demokratycznych, tj. domniemania ważności wyborów i domniemania konstytucyjności procedury wyborczej, z uwzględnieniem niebezpieczeństw ustrojowych związanych z ich nieprawidłowym stosowaniem.

3

Presumptions and Legal Fictions in the General Administrative Procedure. Selected Issues

75%

Podleśny M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2019

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vol. 28

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issue 4

EN

The subject of the article was to discuss the institutions of presumptions and legal fictions applicable in the general administrative procedure. Due to the complexity of the problem, the author has attempted to only analyse selected issues relating to the subject matter hereof. The study identifies situations in which the discussed institutions are established, describes their substance, function and the objective for which they were introduced. The impact presumptions and legal fictions on the validity of objective truth in the course of administrative proceedings have been demonstrated and the values underlying their introduction to the Code of Administrative Procedure have been discussed.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu było omówienie instytucji domniemań oraz fikcji prawnych występujących w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym. Z uwagi na złożoność problemu autor podjął próbę analizy tylko wybranych zagadnień odnoszących się do tematu opracowania. Wskazano sytuacje, w jakich ustanawiane są omawiane instytucje, opisano ich istotę, funkcję, a także cel, dla którego zostały wprowadzone. Wykazano, jaki wpływ na obowiązywanie prawdy obiektywnej w toku postępowania administracyjnego mają domniemania oraz fikcje prawne. Ponadto omówiono wartości leżące u podstaw ich wprowadzenia do Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego.

4

The Principle of Liability in Private Antitrust Enforcement in Selected European States In Light of the Implementation of the Damages Directive into the Polish Legal System

63%

Wolski D.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2016

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vol. 9(14)

69-96

EN

In the vast majority of European countries, private antitrust enforcement falls under general rules of civil law. One of the issues to be discussed in relation to this type of litigation is the principle of liability, which exists in the given legal system, and its presumed impact on private enforcement. This problem has been debated in the course of the implementation works on the Damages Directive into the Polish legal system. A discussion on the principle of liability has taken place at least twice in this context. First, the issue was considered by the Civil Law Codification Commission and expressed in its Assumptions behind the Draft Act on complaints for damages caused by the breach of competition law. Subsequently, the principle of liability was assessed again at the reconciliation conference held at the Ministry of Justice. This is but a part of a broader discussion about the relationship between the rule of liability existing in national laws being applied to private enforcement cases and EU law as well as limitations arising from the latter. After outlining this interplay, the paper will briefly introduce solutions adopted with respect to the principle of liability in the context of private enforcement in selected European countries. The selection is not random, despite the fact that a limited number of countries has been analysed – eight including Poland. These include the most advanced EU Member States when it comes to private antitrust enforcement (such as the UK, Germany or the Netherlands), along with less developed examples (such as Italy or France), and even underdeveloped countries when it comes to the number and popularity of private antitrust litigations (such as Lithuania and Poland). This sort of analysis paints a relatively comprehensive picture of the adopted solutions in relation to the principles of liability governing private enforcement cases in Europe. The same is true for the issue of the burden of proof and presumptions/binding power in civil proceedings of decisions issued by competition authorities. Furthermore, what seemed to be crucial for the drafters of the Damages Directive, this sort of analysis makes it possible to formulate certain conclusions with respect to the relationship between the effectiveness of private enforcement in a given State and the adopted principle of liability. The final conclusions understandably focus on the Polish example, that is, the implementation of the Damages Directive into the Polish legal system.

FR

Dans la grande majorité des pays européens l'application privée du droit de la concurrence relève des règles générales du droit civil. Un de problème qui exige l’analyse dans ce type de litige est le principe de la responsabilité qui existe dans le système juridique particulier, ainsi que son effet sur l'exécution privée du droit de la concurrence. Ce problème était discuté pendant les travaux concernant la transposition de la directive relative aux certaines règles régissant les actions en dommages (« Damages Directive ») dans le système juridique polonais. La discussion sur le principe de la responsabilité a eu lieu au moins deux fois dans ce contexte. Tout d’abord, la question a été examinée par la Commission de codification du droit civil et exprimée dans ses hypothèses concernant le projet de loi sur les actions en dommages pour les infractions aux dispositions du droit de la concurrence. Ensuite, le principe de la responsabilité a été évalué de nouveau lors de la conférence de réconciliation qui a eu lieu au Ministère de la Justice. C’est juste une partie de discussion plus large concernant la relation entre le principe de la responsabilité existant dans les législations nationales appliquées dans des affaires d’application privée du droit de la concurrence et le droit de l'Union européenne, ainsi que les limitations qui en découlent. Après la présentation cette interaction, le document parlera brièvement des solutions adoptées dans certains pays européens afin de répondre au problème du principe de la responsabilité dans le contexte de l'application privée du droit de la concurrence. La sélection n'est pas aléatoire, malgré le fait qu'un nombre limité de pays a été analysé – huit pays dont la Pologne. Elle inclus les Etats Membres de l’Union européenne les plus avances en ce qui concerne l’application privée du droit de la concurrence (comme le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne ou les Pays-Bas), ainsi que des exemples de juridictions moins développés (comme l'Italie ou la France) et même des pays sous-développés en ce qui concerne le nombre et la popularité des actions en dommages dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence (comme la Lituanie et la Pologne). Ce type d'analyse donne une vision relativement complète des solutions concernant les principes de responsabilité dans le domaine d’application privée du droit de la concurrence adoptées en Europe. C’est la même chose en ce qui concerne la question de la charge de la preuve et des présomptions / le pouvoir contraignant des décisions rendues par les autorités de la concurrence dans les procédures civiles. En outre, ce qui semblait crucial pour les rédacteurs de « Damages Directive », ce type d'analyse permet de formuler certaines conclusions concernant la relation entre l’application privée du droit de la concurrence dans un État Membre particulier et le principe de responsabilité adopté dans cet État. Les conclusions finales se focalisent sur l'exemple polonais, c'est-à-dire sur la transposition de « Damages Directive » dans le système juridique polonais.

5

PATER SEMPER INCERTUS!

51%

Jońca M.

Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda

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2020

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vol. 3

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issue 2(6)

477-481

EN

The essay is devoted to an important and current issue of contemporary law, namely the area of legal presumptions: the appearance of the concept in medieval canon law and its consolidation in the following centuries. Then the paper focuses on the presumption of paternity, referring to Roman roots and exceptions to the rule. A separate issue is a copy of Digestum Vetus from the 12th and 13th centuries, kept in the National Library in Kórnik, and an illustration of Ulpian’s statement in the text, which is also an illustration of everyday life in the Middle Ages.

PL

Esej poświęcony jest ważnym i aktualnym zagadnieniem prawa współczesnego, a mianowicie domniemaniom: pojawianiu się koncepcji w średniowiecznym prawie kanonicznym oraz jej ugruntowaniu się w kolejnych wiekach. Następnie skoncentrowano się na domniemaniu ojcostwa, wskazując na korzenie rzymskie oraz na wyjątki. Odrębnym wątkiem jest egzemplarz Digestum Vetus pochodzący z XII i XIII w., przechowywany w Bibliotece Narodowej w Kórniku i znajdująca się w tekście ilustracja wypowiedzi Ulpiana będąca też ilustracją życia codziennego w średniowieczu.

6

Pater semper incertus!

51%

Jońca M.

Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda

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2020

|

vol. 3

|

issue 2(6)

477-481

EN

The essay is devoted to an important and current issue of contemporary law, namely the area of legal presumptions: the appearance of the concept in medieval canon law and its consolidation in the following centuries. Then the paper focuses on the presumption of paternity, referring to Roman roots and exceptions to the rule. A separate issue is a copy of Digestum Vetus from the 12th and 13th centuries, kept in the National Library in Kórnik, and an illustration of Ulpian’s statement in the text, which is also an illustration of everyday life in the Middle Ages.

PL

Esej poświęcony jest ważnym i aktualnym zagadnieniem prawa współczesnego, a mianowicie domniemaniom: pojawianiu się koncepcji w średniowiecznym prawie kanonicznym oraz jej ugruntowaniu się w kolejnych wiekach. Następnie skoncentrowano się na domniemaniu ojcostwa, wskazując na korzenie rzymskie oraz na wyjątki. Odrębnym wątkiem jest egzemplarz Digestum Vetus pochodzący z XII i XIII w., przechowywany w Bibliotece Narodowej w Kórniku i znajdująca się w tekście ilustracja wypowiedzi Ulpiana będąca też ilustracją życia codziennego w średniowieczu.

7

Effect of National Decisions on Actions for Competition Damages in the CEE Countries

51%

Pärn-Lee E.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2017

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vol. 10(15)

177-198

EN

One of the main objectives of the so-called Damages Directive (2014/104/EU) was to make antitrust enforcement more effective. Although in most EU countries private antitrust enforcement has been possible subject to general rules of civil law; the number of private antitrust litigations has remained relatively low. It is presumed that the complementary roles of public and private enforcement, as well as the synergy between them, will take effect if formal decisions taken during public enforcement will have binding effect with regard to follow-on private litigations. According to the Damages Directive, final national decisions on competition infringements shall have binding effect in follow-on litigations. What is to be understood under ‘binding effect’, and the potential effects thereof, has been subject to a lively debate among academics and practitioners. It has been questioned if decisions of an executive body can bind the judiciary, and if so, to what extent. What is the evidentiary value of a formal decision of a NCA regarding national courts, but also on the court of another Member State. The article deals with the main issues and arguments presented in the general debate on the binding effect of national competition law decisions, and provides a closer look on this topic with regard to specific CEE countries.

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2 Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda

2 Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

1 Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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1 Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

2 Jońca M.

1 Dimova-Severinova D. M.

1 Mojski W.

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1 Pärn-Lee E.

1 Wolski D.

1 Yordanova Ivanova G.

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