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FEDERALNE PRAWO ŁASKI W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI

100%
Kwiatkowski W.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2015
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vol. 15
|
issue 3
71-94
PL
United States Federal Executive ClemencySummaryThe article relates to the core principles underlying federal executiveclemency as an act that mitigates the punitive consequences resultingfrom a criminal conviction. Presidential clemency is also the least appreciated and most misunderstood of presidential powers – the Constitutionplaces no limits on the way the President exercises his power to pardon,except in cases of impeachment.The article gives a historical overview of the power of clemency in theU.S. Constitution. It also examines the evolution of the Supreme Court’sviews on clemency over the years, both substantively and procedurally,and how the Court has interpreted the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, as well as amnesties, commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, and respites. It discusses the procedurefor clemency, including the role of the Pardon Attorney, and concludeswith a proposal of certain reforms to reinvigorate the federal pardonprocess and restore its moral force.
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Przywództwo symboliczne w systemie prezydenckim

88%
Szklarski B.
Kwartalnik Naukowy OAP UW "e-Politikon"
|
2014
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issue 10
68-96
PL
We współczesnej amerykańskiej polityce przywództwo coraz częściej ma cha-rakter performatywny, co z jednej strony spowodowane jest mediatyzacją poli-tyki, a z drugiej decentralizacją procesu politycznego. Przestrzeń przywództwa wyznaczana jest dwiema koniecznościami: reprezentacji różnorodności intere-sów i sprawnego rządzenia. Społeczeństwo oczekuje działań zmierzających do rozwiązania podstawowych problemów. Tutaj pojawia się przywództwo typu symbolicznego jako forma zaspokojenia oczekiwań społecznych względem elit.
EN
Modern American democracy accentuates the performative character of pres-idential leadership. Such a development is predicated by two phenomena: the transfer of political conflict to the world of media and by the fragmentation of the political process. Political leaders have to perform in the space determined by the need to represent diversity of interests and by the need to govern ef-fectively. Citizens expect actions geared towards solving major social prob-lems. Here is where the symbolic leadership comes to the fore as a way of satisfying social needs for both representation and governance.
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