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Monopolistic Competition and Price Discrimination as a Development Company Strategy in the Primary Housing Market

100%
Łaszek J., Olszewski K., Waszczuk J.
Critical Housing Analysis
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2016
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vol. 3
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issue 2
1-12
EN
Firms operating in the property sector use information asymmetry and the local monopoly to differentiate prices of housing units. Selling similar housing to purchasers at various prices allows them to maximize profits. The aim of this article is to analyze empirically the behavior of developers, that shape the market situation. It is necessary to depart from the classical analysis of enterprises that operate in a free and competitive market and produce typical, homogeneous goods. We analyze firms that produce heterogeneous goods and make individual trans-actions with each client. We use the hedonic regression to compare the theoretical and empirical prices per sq. m. of dwelling in the primary market in Warsaw and find significant dispersions. The price discrimination strategy, can be one of the explanations of the observed high, upward elasticity of prices.
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Price differentiation in online and offline retail: an empirical study of current practices

100%
Kiczmachowska E. E., de Pourbaix P., Jamielniak D.
Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych
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2023
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vol. 48
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issue 2
1-16
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the practice of price differentiation in multichannel sales conditions. The study reviews the literature on channel pricing policy. The authors set a goal to study the practices of retailers operating in online and offline channels in Poland in terms of price differentiation between channels. Using the example of the EMPIK and SMYK chains, price differences between online and offline channels were analysed for several 100 products in key categories for these retailers. The prices were obtained by scraping the data from the websites of both retailers in November 2022. Statistical analysis was designed to examine differences in pricing by product category, position on the "most frequently purchased" list and price range. This research confirmed previous results that online vs. offline price differentiation was not widely used by leading multichannel retailers in the most popular categories bought online: only two out of 12 retailers elicited for the study were found to perform it. It also confirmed previous findings that if price differentiation was applied, the items were cheaper online more often. However, the average depth of discount was considerably higher. Apart from these general findings, our research delivered detailed insights at the category level as the depth of discount and the share of products sold at a discount online considerably differed between categories with comparable and non-comparable offers. Additionally, this study provided a unique analysis of the multichannel price differentiation strategy in relation to popularity or the absolute price of the product. While in the case of the popularity of the product, the offer uniqueness seemed to play a role, the relation to the absolute price of the product showed a mixed picture and would need further investigation.
3
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Dyskryminacja cenowa poprzez sprzedaż pakietową

75%
Mokrogulski M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2008
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vol. 226
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issue 9
51-71
EN
The paper deals with the issue of price discrimination in the theory of economics. Although price discrimination is a heterogenous notion, Mokrogulski says, its different types can be presented in an integrated model with respect to the quantity and quality of a product as well as commodity bundling. Price discrimination is not the same as price differentiation, the author says. In particular, price discrimination does not occur when the differences in prices fully reflect the differences in production costs. If the seller is unable to make a consumer buy a specific version of the offered product, then a self-selection mechanism is applied. The goods and their prices are differentiated in such a manner that consumers choose versions somewhat pre-planned for them. In the empirical part of the paper, Mokrogulski checks a hypothesis about the existence of price discrimination on the Polish market for new automobiles. Cars are increasingly offered as a package transaction that includes transport services and various extras such as air-conditioning and electric windows. As it is impossible to separate the two parts of the package, Mokrogulski says, price arbitrage cannot be applied, while demand arbitrage is possible. To check if price discrimination indeed took place, differences between the listed prices of two versions of the same car model were calculated. Then they were compared with the differences in the actual prices. “The results predominately confirm that car dealers use a further segmentation of customers, who usually have to pay for certain luxury extras,” Mokrogulski writes. Further empirical research is needed, the author concludes, to analyze the problem of price discrimination in other markets with a different level of competition and a different stage of development.
4
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Consequences of the new reference price for multi-channel retailers after lockdown due to SARS-CoV-2

63%
Bondos I., Lipowski M.
Marketing i Rynek
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2022
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issue 2
26-33
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie na podstawie wybranych psychologicznych teorii zachowań konsumentów istoty nowej ceny odniesienia w wielokanałowym środowisku po okresie lockdownu z powodu pandemii SARS-CoV-2. Różnicowanie cen w środowisku wielokanałowym jest opisane w literaturze przedmiotu. Autorzy niniejszego artykułu prezentują to zagadnienie w aktualnym kontekście - wskazują konsekwencje z zakresu postrzegania cen wywołane nieplanowanym i czasowym zamknięciem sklepów stacjonarnych w okresie pandemii. Wymuszona migracja klientów do środowiska online ma dla detalistów wielokanałowych zarówno bieżące jak i długoterminowe konsekwencje. Autorzy zaproponowali koncepcyjne podejście do procesu kształtowania nowej ceny referencyjnej podczas pandemii. Przedstawili też implikacje praktyczne i teoretyczne poruszanych w artykule zagadnień.
EN
The article aims to present, based on the psychological theories of consumer behaviour, the essence of a new reference price in a multichannel retail environment after lockdown due to SARS-CoV-2. Multichannel pricing is well explained in the literature; in this article authors wanted to present this issue in an actual context - they indicated the consequences in the area of price perception due to the unplanned and temporary elimination of the brick-and-mortar stores. The forced customer migration to the online environment, caused by the lockdown, has current consequences for multichannel retailers as well as long-term consequences. Authors proposed a conceptual approach to the process of shaping a new reference price during the pandemic. Some practical and theoretical implications have been also provided.
5
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Uwarunkowania decyzji cenowych przedsiębiorstw działających na polskim rynku

51%
Hadrian P.
Handel Wewnętrzny
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2016
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issue 3 (362)
138-152
PL
Artykuł ma charakter badawczy. Jego celem jest zaprezentowanie wyników analizy związków zachodzących między cechami badanych przedsiębiorstw i rynku, na którym prowadzą działalność, z trzema aspektami podejmowanych przez te podmioty decyzji cenowych: przyjmowaną podstawą wyznaczania cen, wykorzystywaną podstawą różnicowania cen i realizowanym kierunkiem polityki cenowej. Analizy dokonano w oparciu o badania reprezentatywnej próby przedsiębiorstw działających na polskim rynku, w przekroju ich wielkości. Bazę danych stanowił materiał zebrany w ramach badań własnych przeprowadzonych przez Katedrę Marketingu Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. Wyniki wskazują, iż większość cech jest istotnie powiązana z decyzjami cenowymi zarówno w grupie małych, jak i dużych firm, natomiast tylko trzy cechy są powiązane z każdym z trzech rozpatrywanych zagadnień cenowych w przypadku obydwu badanych populacji przedsiębiorstw – są to: rodzaj finalnych nabywców, zasięg prowadzonej działalności oraz sposób obsługi rynku.
EN
The aim of this scientific paper is to present the results of the analysis of the relations between the selected characteristics of companies and their markets, and three issues of pricing decisions undertaken by these entities: the pricing method, criteria for price differentiation, pricing policy direction. The analysis is based on a survey made on a representative sample of companies operating in the Polish market, grouped by their size. The database constituted evidence gathered through own research conducted by the Department of Marketing at the University of Economics in Krakow. The results indicate that most of the characteristics are significantly associated with different decisions pricing - in both small and large companies. Only three characteristics are associated with each of the three price issue listed above, for both populations grouped. These are: the type of buyers, the scope of business activity and the way the market is served.
RU
Статья имеет исследовательский характер. Ее цель – представить результаты анализа связей, происходящих между свойствами обследуемых предприятий и рынка, на котором они проводят деятельность, с тремя аспектами принимаемых этими субъектами решений в отношении цен: принимаемой основой ценообразования, используемой основой дифференциации цен и осуществляемым направлением ценовой политики. Анализ провели на основе обследования представительной выборки предприятий, действующих на польском рынке, в разрезе их размера. Основу данных представлял собой материал, накопленный в результате трех собственных исследований, проведенных Кафедрой маркетинга Экономического университета в Кракове. Результаты показывают, что большинство свойств существенным образом связано с ценовыми решениями как в группе малых, так и крупных фирм, а только три черты связаны с каждым из трех рассматриваемых ценовых вопросов в случае обеих обследуемых популяций предприятий. Это вид конечных покупателей, диапазон проводимой деятельности и способ обслуживания рынка.
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Różnicowanie cen w handlu wielokanałowym – wyzwanie wizerunkowe

51%
Bondos I.
Handel Wewnętrzny
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2016
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issue 5 (365)
17-26
PL
Upowszechnienie dostępu do Internetu stworzyło szanse uruchomienia sprzedaży wielokanałowej, kolejnym krokiem było dostosowanie polityki cenowej do strategii dystrybucji – międzykanałowe różnicowanie cen (channel-based price differentiation). Celem rozważań jest przedstawienie praktyki różnicowania cen w warunkach sprzedaży wielokanałowej przez pryzmat konsekwencji wizerunkowych mogących prowadzić do niekorzystnych zmian w zachowaniu zakupowym konsumenta. W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej rezultatów dyskryminacji cenowej w kanałach. Zidentyfikowano również uwarunkowania wizerunkowych konsekwencji międzykanałowego różnicowania cen. W podsumowaniu zdefiniowano kilka praktycznych implikacji dla oferentów. Artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny.
EN
Dissemination of the access to the Internet had created chances to launch multichannel sales; the next step was to adopt the pricing policy to the distribution strategy – channel-based price differentiation. An aim of considerations is to present the practice of price differentiation under the conditions of multi-channel sales through the prism of image consequences which may lead to unfavourable changes in consumer’s purchasing behaviour. In her article, the author review the literature related to results of price discrimination in channels. She also identified determinants of image consequences of channel-based price differentiation. Summing up her consideration, the author defined several practical implications for offerers. The article is of the conceptual nature.
RU
Рспространение доступа к интернету создало шансы ввести многоканальную продажу; очередным шагом было приспособление ценовой практики к стратегии распределения – межканальная дифференциация цен (англ. channel-based price differentiation). Цель рассуждений – представить практику дифференцирования цен в условиях многоканальной продажи сквозь призму последствий для имиджа, которые могут вести к неблагоприятным изменениям в покупательском поведении потребителя. В статье провели обзор литературы, касающейся результатов ценовой дискриминации в каналах. Выявили тоже обусловленности последствий межканального дифференцирования цен для имиджа. Подводя итоги, определили несколько практических импликаций для оферентов. Статья имеет концептуальный характер.
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