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1

Dyskryminacja cenowa a transakcje wiązane

100%

Baranowska-Prokop E., Prokop J.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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vol. 214

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issue 3

67-84

EN

The aim of the paper is to examine the conditions in which companies use countertrade to hide their price discrimination practices and maintain a strong negotiating position with regard to their commercial partners. The analysis was made on the basis of two models. First, the authors present an innovative model for third-degree discrimination in which countertrade is used to conceal price differences; then they build a model in which countertrade promotes second-degree price discrimination. In the third-degree price discrimination model, the authors prove that the effective use of products as payment in countertrade deals, coupled with the relatively high probability that price discrimination will be revealed, encourages companies to diversify prices in different market segments with the use of tie-in transactions. On the other hand, in the second-degree price discrimination model, if the marginal costs of production are not too high in relation to the value of the mutual services, the monopoly will offer its customers the possibility of buying goods in an ordinary market transaction or in a tie-in. At a point of balance, both forms of trade will occur, but prices in countertrade will be lower than market prices. The authors show that, under specific conditions, countertrade is a useful tool for maximizing business profit by enabling price discrimination.

2

Price differentiation in online and offline retail: an empirical study of current practices

100%

Kiczmachowska E. E., de Pourbaix P., Jamielniak D.

Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych

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2023

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vol. 48

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issue 2

1-16

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the practice of price differentiation in multichannel sales conditions. The study reviews the literature on channel pricing policy. The authors set a goal to study the practices of retailers operating in online and offline channels in Poland in terms of price differentiation between channels. Using the example of the EMPIK and SMYK chains, price differences between online and offline channels were analysed for several 100 products in key categories for these retailers. The prices were obtained by scraping the data from the websites of both retailers in November 2022. Statistical analysis was designed to examine differences in pricing by product category, position on the "most frequently purchased" list and price range. This research confirmed previous results that online vs. offline price differentiation was not widely used by leading multichannel retailers in the most popular categories bought online: only two out of 12 retailers elicited for the study were found to perform it. It also confirmed previous findings that if price differentiation was applied, the items were cheaper online more often. However, the average depth of discount was considerably higher. Apart from these general findings, our research delivered detailed insights at the category level as the depth of discount and the share of products sold at a discount online considerably differed between categories with comparable and non-comparable offers. Additionally, this study provided a unique analysis of the multichannel price differentiation strategy in relation to popularity or the absolute price of the product. While in the case of the popularity of the product, the offer uniqueness seemed to play a role, the relation to the absolute price of the product showed a mixed picture and would need further investigation.

3

Automated personalised pricing practices online

89%

Karácsony G. G.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 4 (2)

75-85

EN

The paper discusses the problem of practices of online automated personalised pricing in Internet-based trading. The first part concerns the economics of price discrimination; the second discusses the ways this can be carried out in an online shopping environment, and the third one deals with legal aspects of the personalised pricing online practice. Finally, the author tries to assess the question whether personalised pricing is illegal, immoral, or just something we do not feel entirely comfortable about.

4

What Drives Price Dispersion in the European E-commerce Industry?

88%

Gyódi K., Sobolewski M., Ziembiński M.

Central European Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 3

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issue 50

EN

An important aspect of economic integration of the European Union is price convergence on digital single market. In this study, we propose a novel way to measure price dispersion in the e-commerce industry, using a custom made web-scraping tool. We target all the major price comparisons sites in the 26 EU member states, which enables us to collect price signals from thousands of retail shops operating on-line. We analyse pricing data of 182 branded products sold on-line across the EU, representing the most popular categories: fashion, consumer electronics, gaming and software, and cosmetics. We find considerable dispersion of both pre and post-vat on-line prices ranging from 20% to 40%, depending on the product category. The observed on-line price dispersion is driven by both cost factors and the level of per capita income, which is consistent with the view that producers or large distributors might engage in strategic price discrimination induced by income heterogeneity.

5

Dyskryminacja cenowa poprzez sprzedaż pakietową

75%

Mokrogulski M.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2008

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vol. 226

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issue 9

51-71

EN

The paper deals with the issue of price discrimination in the theory of economics. Although price discrimination is a heterogenous notion, Mokrogulski says, its different types can be presented in an integrated model with respect to the quantity and quality of a product as well as commodity bundling. Price discrimination is not the same as price differentiation, the author says. In particular, price discrimination does not occur when the differences in prices fully reflect the differences in production costs. If the seller is unable to make a consumer buy a specific version of the offered product, then a self-selection mechanism is applied. The goods and their prices are differentiated in such a manner that consumers choose versions somewhat pre-planned for them. In the empirical part of the paper, Mokrogulski checks a hypothesis about the existence of price discrimination on the Polish market for new automobiles. Cars are increasingly offered as a package transaction that includes transport services and various extras such as air-conditioning and electric windows. As it is impossible to separate the two parts of the package, Mokrogulski says, price arbitrage cannot be applied, while demand arbitrage is possible. To check if price discrimination indeed took place, differences between the listed prices of two versions of the same car model were calculated. Then they were compared with the differences in the actual prices. “The results predominately confirm that car dealers use a further segmentation of customers, who usually have to pay for certain luxury extras,” Mokrogulski writes. Further empirical research is needed, the author concludes, to analyze the problem of price discrimination in other markets with a different level of competition and a different stage of development.

6

Różnicowanie cen w handlu wielokanałowym – wyzwanie wizerunkowe

51%

Bondos I.

Handel Wewnętrzny

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2016

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issue 5 (365)

17-26

PL

Upowszechnienie dostępu do Internetu stworzyło szanse uruchomienia sprzedaży wielokanałowej, kolejnym krokiem było dostosowanie polityki cenowej do strategii dystrybucji – międzykanałowe różnicowanie cen (channel-based price differentiation). Celem rozważań jest przedstawienie praktyki różnicowania cen w warunkach sprzedaży wielokanałowej przez pryzmat konsekwencji wizerunkowych mogących prowadzić do niekorzystnych zmian w zachowaniu zakupowym konsumenta. W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej rezultatów dyskryminacji cenowej w kanałach. Zidentyfikowano również uwarunkowania wizerunkowych konsekwencji międzykanałowego różnicowania cen. W podsumowaniu zdefiniowano kilka praktycznych implikacji dla oferentów. Artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny.

EN

Dissemination of the access to the Internet had created chances to launch multichannel sales; the next step was to adopt the pricing policy to the distribution strategy – channel-based price differentiation. An aim of considerations is to present the practice of price differentiation under the conditions of multi-channel sales through the prism of image consequences which may lead to unfavourable changes in consumer’s purchasing behaviour. In her article, the author review the literature related to results of price discrimination in channels. She also identified determinants of image consequences of channel-based price differentiation. Summing up her consideration, the author defined several practical implications for offerers. The article is of the conceptual nature.

RU

Рспространение доступа к интернету создало шансы ввести многоканальную продажу; очередным шагом было приспособление ценовой практики к стратегии распределения – межканальная дифференциация цен (англ. channel-based price differentiation). Цель рассуждений – представить практику дифференцирования цен в условиях многоканальной продажи сквозь призму последствий для имиджа, которые могут вести к неблагоприятным изменениям в покупательском поведении потребителя. В статье провели обзор литературы, касающейся результатов ценовой дискриминации в каналах. Выявили тоже обусловленности последствий межканального дифференцирования цен для имиджа. Подводя итоги, определили несколько практических импликаций для оферентов. Статья имеет концептуальный характер.

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2 Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

1 Central European Economic Journal

1 Handel Wewnętrzny

1 Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych

1 Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

1 Baranowska-Prokop E.

1 Bondos I.

1 Gyódi K.

1 Jamielniak D.

1 Karácsony G. G.

1 Kiczmachowska E. E.

1 Mokrogulski M.

1 Prokop J.

1 Sobolewski M.

1 Ziembiński M.

1 de Pourbaix P.

1 2023

2 2018

1 2016