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Artificial Intelligence and Competition Law

100%
Wieczerzyńska B.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
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2021
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vol. 16
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issue 18 (2)
371-393
PL
Wobec masowości rozwoju technologii AI w społeczeństwie i gospodarce, w pracy wskazano aktualne propozycje uregulowania sztucznej inteligencji na poziomie unijnym, które będą miały bezpośrednią implementację w państwach członkowskich. Szybko zmieniający się rynek wymusza nowe podejście organów ochrony konkurencji do tego procesu i rodzi pytanie o rolę polityki konkurencji w gospodarce cyfrowej. Głównym nurtem rozważań zatem jest unaocznienie istniejących i oczekiwanych wyzwań stojących przed ochroną konkurencji związaną ze wzmożonym stosowaniem przez przedsiębiorców algorytmów AI dla wdrożenia i utrzymania karteli zawartych w sposób tradycyjny, a także algorytmów wpływających na konkurencję bez udziału człowieka. Dla zachowania pewnego obiektywizmu wywodu wskazano także istotne pro-konkurencyjne korzyści z ich używania.
EN
In view of the massive development of AI technologies in society and economy, the paper identifies current proposals for the regulation of artificial intelligence at the EU level, which will be directly implemented in the Member States. The rapidly changing market if forcing a new approach of competition authorities to this process and raises the question of the role of competition policy in the digital economy. The main thread of the paper is therefore to highlight the existing and expected challenges for the protection of competition related to the increased use of AI algorithms by entrepreneurs for the implementation and maintenance of cartels concluded in the traditional manner, as well as algorithms affecting competition without human intervention. To maintain some objectivity in the discussion, significant pro-competitive benefits of their use are also indicated.
2
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Chytře protiprávní "chytré" smlouvy. Mezi efektivností smluvní agendy a zakódovanou protiprávností zejména v ochraně soutěže

84%
Bejček J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2020
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vol. 159
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issue 5
377-401
EN
Smart contracts based on software technology of blockchains are currently gaining ground as means of enhancing efficiency of closing and enforcing contracts and as a tool of speeding up and securing the contract agendas. On the other hand, their characteristics may tempt user to illegal use. They may pseudonymize (and anonymize, as a result) legal relations and enable illegal financial and other activities – admittedly being transparent and secure within groups of participants, but actually hidden and hardly to be disclosed from outside. The use of smart contracts to disguised collusion has been identified as one of the most dangerous recent challenges. It can substantially endanger both competition environment and consumer welfare. Very cautious approach to law making and (competition) policy making is advisable, so that the positive strengths of this new technology are not thwarted.
CS
Tzv. chytré smlouvy založené na softwarové technologii blockchainů se začínají prosazovat nejen ke zvýšení efektivnosti smluvní agendy, zejména ke zrychlení realizace práva a jako nespecifický nástroj právního zajištění, ale svými charakteristickými rysy svádějí i ke svému patologickému protiprávnímu použití. Mohou sloužit k pseudonymizaci (a v důsledku anonymizaci) právních vztahů, k nezákonným finančním operacím v rámci skupiny zúčastněných, ale mimo dohled veřejné moci, k zastřeným a zvnějšku obtížně kontrolovatelným a odhalitelným protiprávním jednáním. Jednu z akutních protiprávních aplikací chytrých smluv představuje jejich využití ke skryté kartelizaci, jež může podstatně snížit spotřebitelský blahobyt. Namístě je obezřetný právně-politický přístup čelící tomuto nebezpečí, který by však nezhatil kladný potenciál této nové technologie.
3
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Stosowanie algorytmów cenowych jako wyzwanie dla współczesnego prawa antymonopolowego

51%
Wiaderek F.
Studia Iuridica
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2020
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vol. 86
305-328
PL
In the following paper, the author elaborates on the challenges that today’s competition law has to face with regard to the more and more common use of algorithmic technics by the entrepreneurs, particularly in the field of pricing process. After providing a brief definition of the most fundamental terms, a structural analysis is performed of anticompetitive practices that are facilitated by algorithms. Instances investigated by the author have been assigned into three groups, distinguished according to relations between the entities taking part in a particular practice. The described models are of various complexity and pose different threats to the state of competition. The author made an attempt to draw the line between the cases which fall under the scope of currently enforceable competition law provisions and those to which competition agencies do not apply appropriate tools. In the next part of the paper, the author presents a case study of the so called lex Uber – an Act of the Polish Parliament intended to regulate the passenger transport market in Poland in the light of the rise of modern transportation services, e.g. provided by Uber or Bolt. In the author’s opinion, the enacted provisions may result in inconsistencies with competition law. In the last part of the paper the author suggests possible legal solutions that should safeguard competition on the markets where using algorithmic solutions is still more and more common.
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