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O budulcu okrętowym i uprawie drzew oraz krytyczne uwagi o autorach, którzy ostatnio podejmowali problematykę upraw

100%

Matthew P.

Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy

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2015

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vol. 12

109-126

PL

Hodowcy od dawna wiedzą, że aby otrzymać pożądaną odmianę zwierząt czy roślin należy uważnie dobierać jednostki do rozrodu. To właśnie pod bacznym okiem człowieka został ukształtowany pies, koń, krowa, owca, ptactwo domowe, jak również jabłko, gruszka, śliwka, agrest, ziemniak czy groch, które różnicują się w niezliczone odmiany, różniąc się znacznie pod względem rozmiaru, koloru, smaku, stałości budowy, czasu wzrostu — zatem niemalże w każdej dostrzegalnej właściwości. W stanie natury również zachodzi podobny proces selekcji, na skutek której zachowana zostaje każda płodna istota najlepiej przystosowana do warunków bytowania właściwych dla jej rodzaju, co wydaje się zamierzone w celu ukształtowania fizycznych, psychicznych czy instynktownych zdolności dla jak najlepszego jej przystosowania i zapewnienia przetrwania. Ten naturalny proces selekcji utrzymuje siłę lwa, szybkość zająca i podstępność lisa. Przyrost naturalny w stanie natury, wraz ze wszystkimi modyfikacjami organizmów, wykracza daleko poza potrzeby wypełnienia powstałych luk. Jednostki powodowane koniecznością zdobycia pożywienia, które nie posiadają wystarczającej siły, szybkości, odwagi czy sprytu, zginą przedwcześnie i bezpotomnie. Ich miejsce zostanie zajęte przez lepsze jednostki pochodzące z tego samego rodzaju, które także poszukują środków do życia. W stanie natury występuje zatem powszechna rywalizacja, która utrzymuje naturalną równowagę życia. Rywalizacja ta obecna jest też między różnymi rasami człowieka, a także w społeczeństwach, w których istnieją nieużyteczne prawa i przywileje. I dlatego zniesienie prawa majoratu i pierworództwa w obecnym stanie cywilizacji nie tylko uczyni właściciela ziemskiego szczęśliwszym i szlachetniejszym, ale także przyczyni się do uzyskania znaczenie większej stabilności porządku społecznego, jak również okaże się zasadniczym bodźcem do rozwoju przemysłu, zwiększając dobrobyt i poprawiając sytuację klasy robotniczej. Europejska szlachta postąpiłaby roztropnie, gdyby unieważniła każde roszczenie czy prawo, które tworzy z niej odrębną klasę i tak szybko, jak to tylko możliwe, połączyła się ze społeczeństwem. Istnieje w naturze prawo, na mocy którego wszystko to, co nie jest użyteczne, zostaje wyeliminowane.

EN

There is a common practice in breeders to carefully select plants or animals to reproduction in order to obtain desirable variety. It has been forced upon man's notice in the dog, horse, cow, sheep, poultry — in the Apple, Pear, Plum, Gooseberry, Potato, Pea, which sport in infinite varieties, differing considerably in size, colour, taste, firmness of texture, period of growth, almost in every recognisable quality. Similar process of selection is also prevalent in the state of nature where survived only reproductive being the best possibly suited to its condition that its kind which appears intended to model the physical and mental or instinctive powers, to their highest perfection, and to continue them so. This natural process of selection sustains the lion in his strength, the hare in her swiftness, and the fox in his wiles. As nature, in all her modifications of life, has a power of increase far beyond what is needed to supply the place of what falls by Time’s decay, those individuals who possess not the requisite strength, swiftness, hardihood, or cunning, fall prematurely without reproducing — either a prey to their natural devourers, or sinking under disease, generally induced by want of nourishment, their place being occupied by the more perfect of their own kind, who are pressing on the means of subsistence. Thus there is common competition in the state of nature which kept natural balance of life. This competition is present also among different races of men and within societies where useless laws and privileges still appears. Consequently, the abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, will, in the present state of civilization, not only add to the happiness of the proprietor, heighten morality, and give much greater stability to the social order, but will also give a general stimulus to industry and improvement, increasing the comforts and elevating the condition of the operative class. It would be wisdom in the noblesse of Europe to abolish every claim or law which serves to point them out a separate class, and, as quickly as possible, to merge themselves into the mass of the population. It is a law manifest in nature, that when the use of any thing is past, its existence is no longer kept up.

2

The Entailed Estate in Polish Law from late 15th to the 20th Century: Exception from General Succession Law and Perpetuation of Estate

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Bańczyk W.

Studia Iuridica

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2019

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vol. 80

9-28

EN

The article describes the old-Polish institution of entailed estate, mostly exemplified by the 1589 Zamoyski entailed estate. Firstly, its legal regulation and practice of functioning is analysed within a broader perspective of the overall property and succession law in the times of their establishment. Then the functions, possibilities, but also challenges and problems connected with it are discussed. Finally, the utility of this study is presented for history, history of law, and modern law.

3

The Influence of the Rules of Succession on the Structure of Hungarian and German Families of Southern Transdanubia in the Early 20th Century

100%

Frey D.

Studia Iuridica

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2019

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vol. 80

99-117

EN

The topic of the article is the influence of the rules and customs of succession on the family structures and life strategies in Southern Transdanubia. At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists and the local administration observed significant differences between the demographical structures of the Hungarian and German inhabitants in both Tolna and Baranya counties. While a significant part of the Hungarian rural population followed the “single-child-policy” (“egyke” in Hungarian), German families in the same area did not have this concept. It was observed, that the villages with families following the singlechild-policy kept losing population and were endangered by a demographical collapse. Seeking the reasons behind the single-child-policy, the rules of succession were identified as the main difference between the Hungarian and German population. The German population practiced the so-called primogeniture (Anerbenrecht), probably brought along from the early 18th century Southern Germany, meaning that one single successor inherits the entire land asset of the family. In contrast, the custom of the Hungarian population was a proportional succession. As all heirs inherited part of the land asset, it fragmented from generation to generation. To avoid this, the rural population developed the singlechild-policy, which, on the one hand, was very effective in preventing the fragmentation of family assets and became an unwritten law in several villages, but on the other hand it caused radical demographical changes. Different measures to prevent the single-child policy didn’t have a markable effect.

4

The Reversal of the Exemplifying Role of History in Horace Walpole s “The Castle of Otranto ”

100%

BARĆ S.

Stylistyka

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2007

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vol. 16

293-303

EN

According to the traditional understanding, the role of history in literary works was te- aching by example. History was expected to provide readers with ready formulae for appropriate behaviour, to introduce models to follow and to identify with, as well as to explain the difficulties of life. In the second half of the eighteenth century such an appro- ach to history tumed out to be inadeąuate. This article presents Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto - the first Gothic novel in English literaturę - as a work that subverts exemplary historicism by reversing the traditional exemplifying role of history. Published in 1764, when neoclassical ideals were still being promoted by such important writers as Doctor Samuel Johnson, Walpole’s novel commenced a new trend in literaturę that fully developed in Romanticism proper. It is not really intended to teach by example or to ren- der medieval history in terms of modem Enlightenment standards. Instead of rational explanations and balanced opinions its readers get an abundance of supematural pheno- mena and extravagant events. With its emphasis on entertainment rather than education, the story is a signum temporis, a significant step on the way towards the priority of aesthe- tic values in literary works. The article focuses on the novel in the context of its publica- tion in the Age of Reason. The two different prefaces are briefly analysed, and the chan- ging critical reception is presented. Some attention is also given to Clara Reeve’s The Old English Baron as an immediate successor of Walpole’s book, and simultaneously a strong criticism of his innovative perception of the role of literaturę. Despite the multitude of un- favourable comments by eighteenth-century writers and critics, the conclusion reached in this article is that such Gothic novels opened up a new perspective in the literary world. Walpole’s role as the forerunner in this field remains unquestionable.

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O budulcu okrętowym i uprawie drzew oraz krytyczne uwagi o autorach, którzy ostatnio podejmowali problematykę upraw

The Entailed Estate in Polish Law from late 15th to the 20th Century: Exception from General Succession Law and Perpetuation of Estate

The Influence of the Rules of Succession on the Structure of Hungarian and German Families of Southern Transdanubia in the Early 20th Century

The Reversal of the Exemplifying Role of History in Horace Walpole s “The Castle of Otranto ”