Search results

1

Granice władztwa planistycznego przy uchwalaniu miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego

100%

Zwolak S.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2019

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issue 4(28)

9-26

EN

The considerations of the article focus on the planning power exercised by a municipality as a unilateral and authoritative determination of the purpose of the land and its development. The municipality in the capacity of a planning authority cannot assume an absolute and unlimited power and must act within the limits determined by applicable and binding laws. Hence, in the implementation of its land development tasks, the municipality (or local authorities) are bound by the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and other relevant laws that govern the planning authority granted to municipalities. Exceeding the limits of this planning power will occur when planning solutions prove to be arbitrary and lack substantive justification. Defective legal solutions include not only solutions that violate the law, but also those that result from a potential abuse of the competence of the municipality. Determining the land purpose and the manner of its management must reflect a reasonable and real need for the solution adopted. When the latter is detached from the legal and factual status of the land in question, a violation of planning power arises. When a municipality adopts a local plan which introduces certain restrictions in the use of the property right that is protected in the Constitution, it is obliged to apply legal measures that will be the least onerous for individual entities and which will remain in a rational proportion to the intended purposes. However, certain situations that will lead to the conflict of interests are unavoidable. Settling these conflicts in the process of law-making requires, each time, the weighing off the interests of individual property owners and the public interest of the whole local community. Individual owners may sue the municipal planning authority on the grounds of the abuse of its planning power when adopting a local land management plan and such legal actions may be effective.

2

The Freedom of Construction and Obligations to Maintain Building Structures

92%

Zwolak S.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

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2018

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vol. 28

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issue 2 English Online Version

115-133

EN

The subject of the study is the issue of freedom of construction, shown against the background of obligations relating to the maintenance of buildings. The source of building freedom is the constitutional principle of property protection, which provides the owner with protection against unlawful infringement of his rights and excessive power of public administration bodies. However, the exercise of building freedom does not mean complete freedom in the use of the building structure, because it has its limits outlined in the implementation of the values indicated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The study analyses the compliance of obligations concerning the maintenance of building structures with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

3

The right to appeal for custom sanctions in albania in the perspective of the 13th article of the european convention on human rights

92%

Mëçalla J., Mëçalla N., Bregu E.

Intercultural Communication

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2022

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vol. 7

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issue 1

127-136

EN

The right to appeal is a fundamental human right and means the right of the individual to appeal, the existence of a body designated to review the appeal, the unconditional acceptance of the appeal for review, reasonable deadlines for its review, an objective review, judicial control, as a final control over the appeal, as well as the possibility of possible rehabilitation because of the eventual acceptance of the appeal. In this paper we will treat, analyse, and justify why Article 282, point 2 of the Customs Code restricts the right of appeal. This provision, as it will turn out, does not meet the minimum standard for an effective appeal in the domestic courts, set by Article 13 of the The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Fiscal liability that deviates from the principle of equality and proportionality in the exercise of customs and tax authority risks depriving taxpayers of the means necessary to guarantee services that protect fundamental rights. The restriction of the fundamental right to an effective appeal was made by the customs law, Article 282/2, which from the point of view of the law exceeds the limits of this restriction set by the Constitution and the ECHR, where according to Article 17 of the Constitution the restriction must be , in proportion to the situation that has dictated it, so in this sense it must be in accordance with the principle of proportionality.

4

Zasada proporcjonalności jako obiektywne uzasadnienie ograniczeń w swobodnym przepływie osób w Unii Europejskiej

82%

Ryszka J.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 4 (1)

55-73

EN

The principle of proportionality in the EU legal order applies, among others, to actions taken by Member States in the situation where they are willing to use, permitted by the EU law, derogation from its provisions, in particular – in the area of internal market freedoms. Derogation from those freedoms will not be justified if it is not absolutely necessary. National regulations must therefore be proportionate to the objective that these restrictions are to protect. With respect to the free movement of persons, as an example of these goals, the protection of fundamental rights could be mentioned. It is vitally important for the realization of an internal market due to the existence of interesting interactions occurring between them and specific ways of applying the principle of proportionality when they collide with each other.

5

Conditions for the Admissibility of Restrictions on the Ownership of Monuments in the Light of the Constitutional and Conventional Standards of Ownership Protection

81%

Parchomiuk J.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

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2017

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vol. 27

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issue 3 English Online Version

45-69

EN

The issue of restrictions imposed on ownership of a monument is an excellent example illustrating the tension between the unrestricted use of a property and the public interest manifested by the necessity to protect historical monuments. Monuments represent one of the most fundamental elements of the State’s cultural heritage. The protection of this heritage is an element of raison d’état, including the need to foster the memory of the cultural identity of the nation. The aim of the article is to pinpoint the basic problems connected with the balancing of the conflicting values concerning the protection of ownership rights and those regarding the assurance of continuity of the cultural heritage of the State and whole huanity. The Author addresses the issue of monument ownership restrictions from the perspective of the basic standards of ownership protection enshrined in the Polish Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights. The considerations make reference to the notion of a restricted right of ownership (with particular regard to the principle of proportionality) and the problem of compensation for having one’s monument ownership restricted.

6

Opinia w sprawie projektu rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie badań klinicznych produktów leczniczych stosowanych u ludzi oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/20/WE

70%

Bosek L., Olejniczak D.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2012

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issue 4(36)

118-148

EN

The purpose of the opinion is to examine thoroughly the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Presently, the issue of clinical trials is regulated differently in particular EU member states, due to their different legal traditions and constitutional standards. By allowing for experimentation on human beings without their knowledge or consent, the proposed regulation substantially infringes the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and conferred competences, as well as human dignity and the right to integrity of the person guaranteed by Articles 1 and 3 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. These circumstances sufficiently justify initiation by the Polish Sejm of the procedure specified in Article 6 of Protocol 2 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality annexed to the Lisbon Treaty.

7

Tension between Human Rights Protection and the Necessity to Ensure Public Security in the Context of Polish Anti-terrorism Law

70%

Kolendowska-Matejczuk M., Szczucki K.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

|

vol. 68

153-180

PL

Recurrent events of a terrorist character, especially those occurring not in arenas of armed conflict or in countries that are not – at least formally – at war with others, make it necessary not only to consider a redefinition of the state security systems, but also to reflect deeply on the human rights-inspired paradigms accepted hitherto. Regardless of one’s convictions and interpretation of current events, it is difficult to avoid repeating questions concerning the efficiency of public authorities and our legal system in the context of European experiences with terrorism. It is necessary to examine whether the commonly recognized constitutional and human rights standards facilitate the development by the state of instruments aimed at the effective prevention of terrorism. In the process of enacting and applying anti-terrorist laws one must pay heed to the mutual relations between goods protected and violated by a given regulation. As noted above, there is no freedom without security, but also there is no security without freedom. This tension makes a proportionality test very troublesome. The legislator should, above all, harmonize the axiological contexts of the provisions constructed thereby, so that they are orientated towards the protection of both security and freedom.

8

Proportionality of human rights limitations imposed by Opportunity Passport in Lithuania

70%

Pranevičienė B., Vasiliauskienė V.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2023

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vol. 13

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issue 2

113-130

EN

The article analyses the Green Passport established in Lithuania (named Opportunity Passport) and the proportionality of the imposed limitations on human rights. For the analysis, the German proportionality test is employed and its application to this particular instrument of pandemic management. The article explores the suitability of the aim of the Opportunity Passport, trying to clarify what were the aims sought by the Opportunity passport. Further, in analysing the first step of the proportionality test -suitability- the authors explore the theoretic possibility to attain the pandemic management goals by limiting the access to certain services and events only for vaccinated persons or those having proof of their immunity status. Furthermore, the second step – necessity – is analysed, that is whether the measures were necessary in the absence of other, more lenient but equally effective means of achieving the intended objectives. Lastly, the third step of the three-tier test includes the assessment of the proportionality in the strict sense (stricto sensu) of the restricting measure: is the chosen sanction disproportionate to the constraints imposed on it, does the scale of the measure meet its objectives or will the likely (outset) benefits outweigh the potential losses. The Opportunity Passport legal regulation and the limitations imposed by it are weighed against the gravity of human rights limitations. The last chapter discusses the regulation of Opportunity Passport and its aspects in the context of the prohibition of discrimination. Conclusions of the publication are made on the basis of careful examination of theory and facts.

9

Teoria zasad prawnych Roberta Alexy’ego

70%

Korycka M.

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

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2010

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vol. 1(1)

48-63

PL

Artykuł dotyczy Roberta Alexy’ego koncepcji zasad prawa, którą to koncepcję autor opiera na analizie norm konstytucyjnych. Podstawowym założeniem tejże koncepcji jest to, że na gruncie praw konstytucyjnych konieczne jest stosowanie teorii zasad prawa. W koncepcji Alexy’ego zasady prawa rozumiane są jako normy, które zobowiązują do ich realizacji w maksymalnym możliwym stopniu, biorąc pod uwagę możliwości prawne i faktyczne. Co za tym idzie, definiuje on zasady jako nakazy optymalizacyjne, które w należności od możliwości faktycznych i prawnych mogą być realizowane w różnym stopniu. Wymiar możliwości prawnej opiera się na rozróżnieniu zasad i reguł. Alexy traktuje reguły i zasady jako normy odmiennego rodzaju. Podczas gdy zasady wyznaczają zawsze racje prima facie, reguły są racjami definitywnymi dopóki nie wskaże się od nich wyjątku. Zdaniem R. Alexy’ego natura zasad implikuje istnienie zasady proporcjonalności, w tym sensie, że zasada proporcjonalności ze swoimi trzema „pod-zasadami” czyli przydatności, konieczności i proporcjonalności sensu stricte, logicznie wynika z natury zasad, może być wydedukowana z nich.

EN

This article concerns Robert Alexy’s conception of legal principles, which conception he builds on the basis of an analysis of constitutional norms. The main assumption of his conception of rights is that in this field it is necessary to use the theory of principles as the basis. He created his own theory of principles as norms which require realization to the greatest extent possible in the light of legal and actual possibilities. Consequently, he defines principles as optimisation commands, capable of different degrees of realization depending on the actual and legal possibilities. The dimension of the legal possibility depends on the contrasting principles and rules. R. Alexy treats rules and principles as reasons of different kinds. While principles are always prima facie reasons, rules are definitive reasons until an exception to them is provided for. R. Alexy claims also that the nature of principles implies the existence of the principle of proportionality in the sense that the principle of proportionality with its three “sub-principles”: adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense, logically follows from the nature of principles and can be inferred from them

10

Kompetencje Unii Europejskiej w dziedzinie prawa prywatnego w ujęciu systemowym

70%

Mańko R.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2016

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vol. 25

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issue 1

37-79

EN

The present paper has four aims. First of all, to subject the legal powers of the European Union to enact private law rules in the fields of substantive private law, procedural private law and private international law to a doctrinal analysis. Secondly, to analyse the methodology of using those legal powers by the Union legislature and possible indications by the Court of Justice with that regard. Thirdly, to subject the individual rules granting powers to the EU to enact rules of substantive private law, procedural private law and private international law to a comparative analysis. Fourthly, on the basis of the analysis of the hitherto methods of using the aforementioned powers, provide for a critical appraisal and put forward suggestions as to the methods of using them.

11

Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z 11 grudnia 2019 r., sygn. akt P 13/18

70%

Parchomiuk J.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 5(160)

201-219

EN

The commented judgment concerns the assessment of the compliance with the Polish Constitution of the provisions regulating the effects of removal of the entities entered in the former commercial registers which have not been entered to the new National Court Register. The property of these entities was taken over for the benefit of the State Treasury, and the rights of partners, cooperative members and other persons to a share in the liquidation of assets expired upon the removal of the entity from the register. The Tribunal did not question the mechanism of the arrangement of the ownership relations of the entities removed from the register. Nevertheless, the Tribunal considered that the legislator’s solution to this problem was not entirely correct, as it did not pass the proportionality test in respect of claims against this property of former company partners or cooperative members. The author agrees in principle with the Tribunal’s position, but in his commentary he raises polemical remarks about certain arguments cited in the justification of the judgment. In addition, the author points out that it is worth supplementing the Tribunal’s argumentation with certain threads that were omitted by the Tribunal for formal and legal reasons.

12

Wyrok Federalnego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego RFN w sprawach dotyczących decyzji Europejskiego Banku Centralnego

70%

Jaśkowski M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2020

|

issue 3(67)

107-111

EN

The FCC took the position that it was bound by the judgments of the CJEU as long as the latter applied certain methods of interpretation and its judgments are not objectively arbitrary. In the case at hand, the FCC found that the CJEU manifestly failed to take into account the meaning and scope of the proportionality principle. Ultimately, the FCC independently assessed the ECB’s decisions in the light of primary EU law, while adjudicating on the consequences of finding them to be defective for the German authorities.

13

Human Freedom in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

70%

Chmaj M.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2019

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issue 5 (51)

187-199

EN

The term “freedom” comes from the Latin language and is derived from the words lib- er – free, independent and libertas – freedom. In general, freedom means no coercion and the ability to act according to your own will, which also means making choices under all available options. Freedom appears both in the preamble and in many pro- visions of the Polish Constitution. Of the greatest significance is Article 31, which in- dicates that “Human freedom is subject to legal protection” (paragraph 1) and that “Everyone is obliged to respect the freedoms and rights of others. No one shall be com- pelled to do what he is not required by law” (paragraph 2). After these guarantees, the principle of proportionality – is included in paragraph 3 – indicating on the basis of which premises and criteria restrictions of freedoms and rights may be introduced. This provision implies three specific, detailed rules regarding the restriction of liber- ty: a) the principle of the exclusivity of the law; b) the principle of proportionality and c) the principle of preserving the essence of freedom and rights. The constitutional leg- islator has formulated in Art. 31 par. 3 also a closed catalog of limitation clauses that allow the restriction of freedom and human rights. These are the following premises: a) the premise regarding state security and public order; b) the premise regarding en-vironmental protection; c) the premise regarding the protection of public health and morals and d) the premise regarding the freedoms and rights of others. The scope of freedom regulated by Art. 31 is universal because it applies to all freedoms and rights that are guaranteed in the Constitution.

PL

Pojęcie „wolność” pochodzi z języka łacińskiego i wywodzi się od słów liber – wolny, nie - zależny oraz libertas – wolność. Generalnie rzecz biorąc wolność oznacza brak przymusu oraz możliwość działania zgodnie z własną wolą, oraz dokonywania wyborów spośród wszystkich dostępnych opcji. Wolność występuje zarówno w preambule, jak i w wielu przepisach Konstytucji RP. Najbardziej istotne znaczenie ma art. 31, w którym wskaza- no, że „Wolność człowieka podlega ochronie prawnej” (ust. 1) oraz, że „Każdy jest obo- wiązany szanować wolności i prawa innych. Nikogo nie wolno zmuszać do czynienia tego, czego prawa mu nie nakazuje” (ust. 2). Po tych gwarancjach, w ust. 3 zawarto zasa- dę proporcjonalności, wskazując na podstawie jakich przesłanek i kryteriów może dojść do wprowadzenia ograniczeń wolności i praw. Z przepisu tego wynikają trzy konkret- ne, szczegółowe zasady dotyczące ograniczenia wolności: a) wyłączności ustawy; b) pro- porcjonalności oraz c) zachowania istoty wolności i praw. Ustrojodawca sformułował w art. 31 ust. 3 także katalog zamknięty klauzul limitacyjnych, które dopuszczają ogra- niczenie wolności i praw człowieka. Są to przesłanki: a) bezpieczeństwa państwa i po-rządku publicznego; b) ochrony środowiska; c) ochrony zdrowia i moralności publicznej oraz d) wolności i praw innych osób. Zakres wolności z art. 31 ma charakter uniwersalny, ponieważ dotyczy wszystkich wolności i praw, które są zagwarantowane w Konstytucji.

14

Esej o prawie do decydowania o niektórych przejawach życia osobistego

70%

Dukiet-Nagórska T.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2017

|

vol. 43

83-95

EN

The essay is a reference to the statement of Professor T. Kaczmarek about the human right to a good death in Polish law. The starting point is recalling the provisions constituting the normative autonomy for refusing life-saving medical interventions, refusing abortion needed to save the lives or health of pregnant women and consent to organ donation ex vivo. These normative regulations are confronted with the criminalisation of the murder at the request of the victim (and under the influence of sympathy for her) and assisted suicide, as well as provisions permitting the forced treatment. The common ground is the principle of proportionality, as well as the provisions of the Constitution defining the protection of life and health, and the right to self-determination about personal life.

15

Tension between Human Rights Protection and the Necessity to Ensure Public Security in the Context of Polish Anti-terrorism Law

70%

Kolendowska-Matejczuk M., Szczucki K.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 68

153-180

PL

Recurrent events of a terrorist character, especially those occurring not in arenas of armed conflict or in countries that are not – at least formally – at war with others, make it necessary not only to consider a redefinition of the state security systems, but also to reflect deeply on the human rights-inspired paradigms accepted hitherto. Regardless of one’s convictions and interpretation of current events, it is difficult to avoid repeating questions concerning the efficiency of public authorities and our legal system in the context of European experiences with terrorism. It is necessary to examine whether the commonly recognized constitutional and human rights standards facilitate the development by the state of instruments aimed at the effective prevention of terrorism. In the process of enacting and applying anti-terrorist laws one must pay heed to the mutual relations between goods protected and violated by a given regulation. As noted above, there is no freedom without security, but also there is no security without freedom. This tension makes a proportionality test very troublesome. The legislator should, above all, harmonize the axiological contexts of the provisions constructed thereby, so that they are orientated towards the protection of both security and freedom.

16

Fishing expeditions and subsequent electronic searches in the light of the principle of proportionality of inspections in competition law cases in Europe

70%

Michałek M.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2014

|

vol. 7(10)

129-157

EN

Inspections carried out in competition law cases are undoubtedly an effective instrument of competition law enforcement since they constitute an efficient means to obtain relevant evidence. Nevertheless, this institution often leads to a serious interference with the sphere of an undertaking’s rights, in particular the right to defence. Several problems can be observed when it comes to the conduct of inspections in the framework of competition law in Europe. These relate, inter alia, to the right to defence, including the privilege against self-incrimination and legal professional privilege, right to privacy, right to an effective remedy and the principle of proportionality. Most of these questions are common to various European states since they emerge at the level of the European Union, in old and new EU Member States (such as Poland) as well as in countries outside the EU (Switzerland). This paper focuses on the questions of fishing expeditions and subsequent electronic searches. They are analysed mostly in the light of the principle of proportionality. The paper presents selected controversies and developments in relation to the powers of inspection granted to competition authorities as well as procedural safeguards available to undertakings.

FR

Les inspections menées dans les affaires du droit de la concurrence sont sans aucun doute un instrument efficace de l'application du droit de la concurrence, car ils constituent un moyen fructueux d'obtenir des preuves pertinents. Néanmoins, cette institution mène souvent à une grave ingérence dans la sphère des droits des entreprises, en particulier le droit de la défense. Plusieurs problèmes peuvent être observés par rapport à la conduite des inspections dans le cadre du droit de la concurrence en Europe. Ceux-ci concernent, inter alia, le droit de la défense, y compris la protection contre l'auto-incrimination et le secret professionnel, le droit à la vie privée, droit à un recours effectif et le principe de proportionnalité. La plupart de ces questions sont communes à plusieurs pays européens, car ils émergent au niveau de l'Union européenne, dans les anciens et les nouveaux États membres de l'UE (comme la Pologne) ainsi que dans les pays extérieurs à l'UE (Suisse). Cet article se concentre sur les questions des “fishing expeditions” et des recherches électroniques ultérieures qui sont analysés à la lumière du principe de proportionnalité. Ce texte présente controverses et les développements sélectionnés concernant les pouvoirs d'inspection conférés aux autorités de la concurrence ainsi que des garanties procédurales offertes aux entreprises.

17

Zasada proporcjonalności jako narzędzie wspomagania polityki gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej i Polski w sferze rynków finansowych

70%

Kasiewicz S., Kurkliński L.

Problemy Zarządzania

|

2015

|

issue 3/2015 (55), t.2

56-71

PL

Artykuł ukazuje możliwe kierunki doskonalenia regulacji, które prowadziłyby do wspomagania polityki gospodarczej w obszarze rynków finansowych. W szczególności dotyczy to wzmocnienia pozycji konkurencyjnej narodowych gospodarek krajów Unii Europejskiej, w tym z Polski. W tym celu zidentyfikowano znaczenie i istotę zasady proporcjonalności, przedstawiono podstawowe jej wymiary (elementy składowe) wraz z omówieniem wad i zalet. Zaproponowano autorski model oparty na wykorzystaniu zasady proporcjonalności jako narzędzia do wykorzystania w procesie legislacyjnym oraz prawdopodobne scenariusze, które mogą poważnie rzutować na kształt i wyzwania stojące przed polityką gospodarczą i regulacyjną w najbliższych kilku latach. Głównym wskazaniem artykułu jest konstatacja, że regulacje unijne należy adresować do tych obszarów, które niwelują dysproporcje strukturalne i bariery przedsiębiorczości na poziomie mikro. Ograniczenia legislacyjne, jak i malejący udział inwestycji prywatnych, wymagają bardziej aktywnego wykorzystania regulacji do wspomagania polityki gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej, a w konsekwencji także w Polsce.

EN

The article describes the potential direction of how to improve regulation as a tool to support economic policy in the area of financial markets. This kind of efforts should lead to strengthening the competitive position of national economies of the European Union, including Poland. Given that, the essence of the principle of proportionality is identified and its basic dimensions (components) are presented together with a discussion of the pros and cons. The authors present the model based on the principle of proportionality as a legislative tool for better regulation scenarios for the next few years, challenging the economic and regulatory policy, are also outlined. The main observation says that EU actions (regulations) should be focused on removing structural imbalances and barriers to entrepreneurship at the micro level. The legislative weaknesses and the declining share of private investment require more active use of regulation to support the economic policy of the European Union and, consequently, also Poland.

18

Dostęp cudzoziemca do akt w postępowaniu w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu – uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda

66%

Wojnowska-Radzińska J.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

|

2019

|

vol. 81

|

issue 1

57-71

EN

Aliens who are parties to expulsion proceedings have the right to view their files, make notes and copies, and demand that notes or copies of the case files be authenticated. In each case, this must be justified by the interests of the party (Article 73(1) and (3) of the Code of Administrative Procedure [CAP]). However, the legislator stipulated that the law provided for in Article 73 of the CAP shall not apply to case files which contain classified information (‘secret’ or ‘top secret’), neither shall it apply to other files that the public administration body has excluded due to their being contrary to State interests (Article 74(1) the CAP). This means that records of the proceedings are available neither to the party nor the counsel. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine whether the Polish legal order includes procedural mechanisms which accommodate, on the one hand, legitimate State security considerations regarding the nature and sources of the information taken into account in the adoption of decision obliging foreigners to return and, on the other hand, the need to ensure sufficient compliance with an aliens’ procedural rights, such as the right of access to the files and the right to a defence.

PL

Cudzoziemiec będący stroną postępowania w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu ma prawo dostępu do swoich akt, sporządzania notatek, kopii lub odpisów, jak również prawo żądania uwierzytelnienia odpisów z akt sprawy, co musi uzasadnić ważnym interesem (art. 73 ust. 1 i 3 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego [k.p.a.]). Ustawodawca zastrzegł jednak, że prawa wynikającego z art. 73 k.p.a. nie stosuje się do akt sprawy zawierających informacje niejawne o klauzuli tajności „tajne” lub „ściśle tajne”, a także do innych akt, które organ administracji publicznej wyłączy ze względu na ważny interes państwowy (art. 74 ust. 1 k.p.a.). Oznacza to, że w takim postępowaniu ani pełnomocnikowi, ani tym bardziej stronie nie są udostępniane dokumenty, których dotyczy postępowanie. Celem artkułu jest zbadanie, czy w polskim porządku prawnym istnieją mechanizmy procesowe, które umożliwiają pogodzenie uzasadnionych względów bezpieczeństwa państwa w odniesieniu do charakteru i źródeł informacji branych pod uwagę przy wydawaniu decyzji o zobowiązaniu do powrotu z koniecznością zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi korzystania z uprawnień procesowych, takich jak prawo dostępu do akt oraz prawo do obrony.

19

Zasada proporcjonalności a podatkowe ograniczenia swobód rynku wewnętrznego Unii Europejskiej

66%

Lipniewicz R.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

|

2015

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vol. 77

|

issue 4

93-103

EN

European integration involves many socio-economic areas, including tax systems of EU Member States. Indirect taxes have been harmonised, while direct taxation remains a domain of the member states. The autonomy in the area of direct taxation does not, however, mean full sovereignty. Member States have to take into account the fundamental freedoms of the EU internal market, the restricting of which should be evaluated in the light of the principle of proportionality.

PL

Integracja europejska obejmuje wiele obszarów społeczno-gospodarczych, a jednym z nich są systemy podatkowe państw członkowskich. Harmonizacji poddano podatki pośrednie, natomiast podatki bezpośrednie pozostają nadal domeną państw członkowskich. Autonomia w dziedzinie opodatkowania bezpośredniego nie oznacza jednak pełnej suwerenności. Państwa członkowskie muszą brać pod uwagę fundamentalne swobody rynku wewnętrznego, których ograniczanie regulacjami podatkowymi oceniane być powinno w świetle zasady proporcjonalności.

20

Ústavnost zákonné úpravy diskvalifikace z výkonu funkce člena statutárního orgánu obchodní korporace: habilitační přednáška

58%

Eichlerová K.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2022

|

vol. 161

|

issue 7

697-703

EN

In the article the author asks the question whether the disqualification regulation in the Business Corporations Act is consistent with the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, as regards the definition of the range of business corporations that are affected by a possible court decision on disqualification from the performance of the function of a member of the statutory body. The author concludes that the statutory regulation is not in compliance with the Charter because the de lege lata regulation interferes with the right to independent exercise of profession to a greater extent than is strictly necessary and is therefore contrary to the principle of proportionality. It justifies that conclusion on the ground that the court is not permitted to lay down any conditions under which a disqualified person may act as a member of the statutory body of a corporation in which he or she does not already hold that office, so that the prohibition may apply even to those corporations in which repeated breaches of the specific obligations for which the disqualified person was disqualified are not an option.

CS

V příspěvku si autorka klade otázku, zda je úprava diskvalifikace v zákoně o obchodních korporacích souladná s Listinou základních práv a svobod, pokud jde o vymezení okruhu obchodních korporací, jichž se případné soudní rozhodnutí o vyloučení z výkonu funkce člena statutárního orgánu týká. Autorka dochází k závěru, že zákonná úprava není v souladu s Listinou, protože úprava de lege lata zasahuje do práva na samostatný výkon povolaní ve větší míře, než je nezbytně nutné, a je tedy v rozporu s principem proporcionality. Tento závěr odůvodňuje tím, že soudu není umožněno stanovit jakékoli podmínky, za nichž by vylučovaná osoba mohla vykonávat funkci člena statutárního orgánu v obchodních korporacích, v nichž tuto funkci dosud nezastává a zákaz tak může dopadnout i na ty obchodní korporace, u kterých opakované porušení specifických povinností, pro něž byla vylučovaná osoba diskvalifikována, nepřipadá v úvahu.

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