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Parlament Szwajcarii. Uwarunkowania historyczne i współczesność

100%
ALEKSANDROWICZ M.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2020
|
issue 6(161)
15-32
EN
The purpose of the article is to define the specific features of the Swiss system. Some of these features could lead to the conclusion that one of the foundations of democracy, the principle of separation of powers, has been normatively rejected in that country. The formula of parliamentary supreme supervision over other authorities, which has been present in Swiss constitutional law since 1848, when literally reading a provision of the Constitution and in isolation from other regulations, may indicate not only an advantage, but even the subordination of the State apparatus to Members of Parliament. It would, therefore, be possible to speak of the dictatorship of the group that won the elections. The reference to historical experience and political practice shows that in Switzerland — although the position of the legislature is normatively dominant — we are dealing not only with a relationship of mutual inhibition of the authorities, but also with their traditionally determined cooperation. If we add to this a factor of control by citizens in the form of numerous and actually implemented solutions of direct democracy, we get an image of Switzerland as a democratic state in which the authorities respect the will of sovereignty.
2
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Funkcje Rady Europejskiej w sferze Unijnej Władzy Ustawodawczej

100%
Szczerba-Zawada A.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2013
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issue 1(114)
47-58
EN
The organisational and functional structure of EU institutions is based in the fundamental principle of institutional balance. As a result of the reforms made by the Treaty of Lisbon, it shows explicit references to the principle of separation of powers (in both subjective and objective aspects) which has a prominent place in the national constitutional orders of the Member States. The purpose of this article is to identify those provisions of primary law codifying the powers of the European Council, which — when incorporated into the constitutional orders of the Member States — could be attributed to one of the traditional functions of the legislative power, thus proving the inclusion of the youngest EU institution in the realm of the EU legislative authorities, against the explicit negation of its lawmaking function.
3
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Konstytucyjne podstawy ładu publicznego w administracji w świetle Konstytucji oraz orzecznictwa. Zagadnienia wybrane

45%
Zdyb M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
|
2017
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vol. 64
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issue 1
EN
The building of the new system of the Republic of Poland requires relevant configuration of public order in administration. Crucial to this are currently: the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, the verdicts of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and administrative courts as well as established doctrine. In this regard, what is required is the precise identification of key standards, principles and values. The letter undoubtedly necessitates the analysis of the principle of separation of powers, the rule of law, the right to a fair trial, the principle of respect for human dignity and drawing attention to the dysfunctionality of the public order. Substantial problems in this domain may be related to law's creation and application, and a clear definition of axiological grounds of the existing legal order. By necessity, in this article only some of them are presented, e.g. concerning indefinite terms, legitimization of law, justice in law, legal security, legal certainty, protection of acquired rights and legitimate expectations, and the principle of appropriate legislation. The aim of the author of this article is to provoke an in-depth debate over the issue connected with search for optimal model of the order in the sphere of public administration in the perspective of new challenges.
PL
Budowa nowego ustroju Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wymaga odpowiedniego ukształtowania ładu publicznego w administracji. Kluczowe znaczenie w tym zakresie ma aktualnie Konstytucja RP z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r., a także ukształtowane na jej podstawie orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego (jak również sądów administracyjnych) oraz utrwalone poglądy doktryny. Niezbędne w tym zakresie staje się dokonanie identyfikacji podstawowych standardów, zasad i wartości. Wiąże się to niewątpliwie z koniecznością analizy m.in.: zasady podziału władz, zasady państwa prawnego, prawa do sądu, problemu poszanowania godności człowieka oraz zwrócenia uwagi na zagadnienie dysfunkcjonalności ładu publicznego. Istotne problemy w tym kontekście wiązać się mogą z tworzeniem i stosowaniem prawa oraz z wyraźnym określeniem aksjologicznych podstaw obowiązującego porządku prawnego. Z konieczności w artykule prezentowane są tylko niektóre nich, np. związane z zagadnieniami pojęć niedookreślonych, legitymizowaniem prawa, sprawiedliwością w prawie, bezpieczeństwem prawnym, pewnością co do prawa, ochroną praw nabytych i maksymalnie ukształtowanych ekspektatyw oraz naruszeniem zasad przyzwoitej legislacji. Zamiarem autora opracowania jest sprowokowanie pogłębionej dyskusji nad zagadnieniem związanym z poszukiwaniem optymalnego modelu ładu w sferze administracji publicznej w perspektywie nowych wyzwań.
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