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Uwagi na marginesie artykułu K. E. Larsena pt. "O ochronie zabytków Japonii" opublikowanym w "ICOMOS Information" 1988, nr 3

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Bielawski B.

Ochrona Zabytków

1989

issue 3-4

282-285

The remarks presented here refer to the following conclusion of K.E. Larsen’s article. „We must accept that the problem of authenticity is relative and has to be interpreted in accordance with natural, material and cultural conditions in each country". Following K.E. Larsen, the author of these remarks describes in brief the „natural, material and cultural conditions" of Japan's architectural monuments. The configuration of the land and the climate have always caused the country to be rich in wood, while the frequent earthquakes have determined that not stone, but light and flexible wood has been generally used in construction. The natural and material resources have in turn had their influence on the development in Japan of a rich system of joining wood. The adopted techniques made it possible to easily dismantle wooden structures and to change the deteriorated elements. A relative instability of this material in Japan's climate led to the frequent changing of building elements or even to entire reconstruction. However, cultural aspects such as Shintoism, the cult of ancestors and traditions favoured the preservation of form. In other words, the material of the structure could be changed, but its form had to be retained. The authenticity of form was possible thanks to the preservation and transfer from generation to generation of the ability to reproduce form. This tradition of restoration collided in the beginning of the 20th cent, with the Western idea of authenticity and conservation that had come into being on European ground in different natural, material (stone) and cultural conditions. The Western idea of authenticity strongly accentuates the necessity of retaining the continuity of the substance of a monument, because this is what determines whether something can be considered as a document of the past. The value of a document is particularly treasured in the culture of the West. This Western interpretation of authenticity has been adopted as the basis for the principles of the Athens Charter (1931 ) and the Venice Charter (1964), which attempted to determine the rules of conservation on an international scale. Japan complies with these principles, while also trying to protect its own traditions and the historical skills of reconstruction. It is important to preserve the traditional techniques considered to be significat, non-material cultural property subject to legal protection. In Poland, after the last war, on account of unprecedented demages, many structures were rebuilt contrary to the recommendations of the above-mentioned Athens and Venice charters. In these reconstructions, similarly as in Japan, emphasis was put on the recreation of the historical form. As opposed to Japan, however, traditional techniques were not much respected. Recently, Poland has also realized the necessity of retaining the dying out traditional crafts, such as carpentering, smithery and the importance of their appropriate use in conservation. In the manner of Japan, the current amendments of the Polish legal act on the protection of cultural property provides for the protection of non-material cultural property as well, e.g. historical skills, customs, crafts.

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1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Bielawski B.

1 1989

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Uwagi na marginesie artykułu K. E. Larsena pt. "O ochronie zabytków Japonii" opublikowanym w "ICOMOS Information" 1988, nr 3