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Prawna ochrona jednostki przed naruszeniem konstytucyjnego zakazu dyskryminacji w relacjach horyzontalnych

100%
Śmiałek P.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2019
|
issue 4(153)
87–106
EN
The purpose of this article is to discuss legal measures that allow an individual to seek protection against unequal or discriminatory treatment in horizontal relations. Taking as a starting point that Article 32(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and Article 33 of the Constitution are also applicable in horizontal relations, the author attempts to identify legal norms that protect an individual in this respect. In addition, an attempt is made at finding sanctions against violations of norms prohibiting discrimination. As part of the conducted deliberations, the author focuses on three basic legal acts, the civil code, the labor code, and the equality act, because they are the main normative source of protection of the individual against discrimination in horizontal relations. Individual legal institutions are discussed from the perspective of their scope of application in terms of subject and object and through the prism of potential sanctions. The author also undertakes an attempt to assess the effectiveness of these means and draws attention to the existing legislative shortcomings mainly related to the way of regulating the so-called actions against discrimination in the equality law. In the last part, the author makes considerations regarding the procedural aspects related to the pursuit of claims for discrimination, and in particular focuses on the institution’s reversed burden of proof in this type of proceedings.
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Protection of the Self-Employed to the Extent of Non-Discrimination and Equal Treatment – An Overview of the Issue

72%
Duraj T.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
|
2022
|
vol. 101
161-181
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza prawnej regulacji ochrony osób samozatrudnionych w zakresie niedyskryminacji i równego traktowania. Autor pozytywnie ocenia sam fakt uchwalenia ustawy równościowej, która przyczyniła się do podwyższenia standardów ochrony osób samozatrudnionych w tym obszarze. Niestety jednak wiele szczegółowych regulacji ujętych w tym akcie budzi uzasadnione wątpliwości i zasługuje na krytykę. Co więcej, niektóre przepisy ustawy równościowej są niezgodne z wiążącymi Polskę umowami międzynarodowymi, a także naruszają art. 32 Konstytucji RP. Prowadzi to do nieuzasadnionego obniżenia standardów ochrony przed dyskryminacją i nierównym traktowaniem samozatrudnionych w relacji do sytuacji prawnej, w której znajdują się pracownicy. Krytyczna analiza ustawy równościowej pokazuje daleko idącą niekonsekwencję ustawodawcy oraz niespójność całego systemu ochrony przed dyskryminacją. To z kolei czyni tę ustawę nieskuteczną, co potwierdzają statystyki, w ramach których bardzo niewielka liczba spraw trafia do sądów i kończy się rozstrzygnięciem pozytywnym dla osoby dyskryminowanej.
EN
The subject of the foregoing study is the analysis of the legal regulation of the protection of the self-employed to the extent of non-discrimination and equal treatment. The author positively assesses the very fact of adopting the Equality Act, which contributed to raising the standards of protection of self-employed people in this area. Unfortunately, however, a number of detailed regulations included in this act raise justified doubts and deserve criticism. Moreover, some provisions of the Equality Act are inconsistent with international agreements binding Poland, and also violate Art. 32 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This leads to an unjustified lowering of the standards of protection against discrimination and unequal treatment of the self-employed in relation to the legal situation in which employees find themselves. A critical analysis of the Equality Act shows the far-reaching inconsistency of the legislator and the inconsistency of the entire system of protection against discrimination. This, in turn, makes this law ineffective, as shown by statistics in which a very small number of cases are brought to court and end up with a positive outcome for the person discriminated against.
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