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The evolution and practice of international administration on states and territories

100%

Aćić M.

Acta Politica Polonica

2019

vol. 47

issue 1

15-27

Throughout the history of relations between states, it can be seen that various forms of supervision for weaker states or territories, whether external (by militarily and economically stronger individual states) or international (by intergovernmental organizations), have been established for periods of time in the form of protectorates, mandates, tutelage or temporary multinational administration. With the emergence and institutionalization of a new universal international organization, the League of Nations, the practice of external oversight and control of specific territories and states continued, but with a novel legal regime under its mandate system. The legal basis for the management of these territories through the authorization of the League of Nations and its successor, the United Nations, the rights and obligations of such countries as well as the most significant differences between the mandate, trusteeship and the protectorate arrangements, as the most representative example of international governance over certain countries and territories, will be analyzed in this paper. The comparative and content analysis methods will be used for this purpose, with special emphasis on the practical effects of international administration on the functioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

W historii stosunków międzynarodowych można zauważyć, że różne formy nadzoru nad słabszymi państwami lub terytoriami, zarówno zewnętrzne (przez państwa silniejsze pod względem militarnym i gospodarczym), jak i międzynarodowe (przez organizacje międzyrządowe), zostały ustanowione na pewien czas w formie protektoratów, mandatów, opieki lub tymczasowej administracji wielonarodowej. Wraz z pojawieniem się i instytucjonalizacją nowej uniwersalnej organizacji międzynarodowej, Ligi Narodów, kontynuowano praktykę zewnętrznego nadzoru i kontroli określonych terytoriów i państw, ale z nowatorskim reżimem prawnym w ramach jej systemu mandatów.

Landesherrschaft und Kirche vor der Reformation

100%

Auge O.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

2018

issue 4

141-159

To date there has not appeared a work that would comply with the present-day standards and – at the same time – exhaustively describe the relation between the pre-Reformation Church and the territorial authorities in Pomerania. The present concise review, based on the existing literature and on my own preliminary research, may be treated as an introductory outline of future research and its general guidelines. The text deals with the following aspects: (1) the relations between the territorial authorities and the papacy; (2) the relations with the Kamień (German: Cammin) Diocese; (3) the use of the Church staff and resources by territorial rulers; and (4) the importance of the sovereign reform of the Church and monasteries. As it will be demonstrated, the Pomeranian Dukes, especially Bogusław (Bogislaw) X, obtained the basic conditions to establish a territorially uniform Church and to gain control of the territorial churches, which was common in the Protestant areas after the Reformation, still before the 16th century, thanks to the cooperation with the General Curia, the Cammin Bishops and the Pomeranian clergy, and by determining the use of the monastic resources for their own purposes. As it will be demonstrated, still before the 16th century the Pomeranian Dukes, especially Bogislaw X, by cooperating with the Curia, the Cammin Bishops and the Pomeranian clergy and by effective use of the monastic resources obtained the basic conditions to establish a uniform territorial Church and to gain control of it, which was common in the Protestant areas after the Reformation.

Für den Bereich Pommerns fehlt es nach wie vor an einer heutigen Ansprüchen genügenden Gesamtdarstellung zum Verhältnis der vorreformatorischen Kirche zur Landesherrschaft. Ein kurz gefasster Überblick wie der in dem Beitrag gelieferte kann auf der Grundlage der vorhandenen Literatur und eigener Vorarbeiten lediglich die groben Entwicklungslinien nachzeichnen, um damit einer künftigen Gesamtstudie eine ebenso grobe erste Richtschnur zu liefern. Dazu wurde auf folgende Aspekte eingegangen: 1. Das Verhältnis der Landesherrschaft zum Papsttum, 2. Das Verhältnis zum Bistum Cammin, 3. Die Nutzung geistlichen Personals und kirchlicher Ressourcen durch die Landesherrschaft und 4. die Bedeutung der landesherrlichen Kirchen- und Klosterreform. Wie gezeigt wird, erlangten die pommerschen Herzöge, insbesondere Bogislaw X., im Zusammenspiel mit der Kurie, den Camminer Bischöfen und dem pommerschen Klerus, zudem durch die nachdrückliche Heranziehung klösterlicher Ressourcen für ihre Zwecke sowie auf dem Weg der Klosterreformen bereits vor der Reformationszeit wesentliche Bausteine zur Etablierung einer einheitlichen Landeskirche und eines landesherrlichen Kirchenregiments, wie es dann im Zuge der Reformation in den protestantisch gewordenen Territorien gang und gäbe war.

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1 Acta Politica Polonica

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1 Aćić M.

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The evolution and practice of international administration on states and territories

Landesherrschaft und Kirche vor der Reformation