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EN
The opinion deals with the legal status of international arrangements concluded by Polish provinces (voivodships). These arrangements, according to the author, are not international agreements, as – under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland – provinces do not have competence to conclude such agreements. Provinces are only allowed to join international association of local communities that are not international organizations.
EN
One of the characteristic features of unemployment in Poland is a strong spatial diversification of that phenomenon. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate changes in the unemployment rate in provinces as well as (urban and rural) districts between 2008 and 2013. A thorough analysis has confirmed a dramatic difference in the intensity of unemployment in the individual districts of the country. The unemployment rate in urban districts in 2013 differed by over 24 percentage points, while in rural districts in the analysed period that spread amounted to 30%. The analysis shows that the growth of the unemployment rate in Poland was profoundly affected by the global economic crisis and other factors. The research has confirmed that unemployment is a major social problem which affects all regions of the country to a varying extent.
EN
This paper is the second in the series of three papers devoted to the estimated value of intellectual capital belonging to any socioeconomic area: province, municipality, country, region etc. An idea of the estimated value is based on the assumption that the value of a given socioeconomic area for its residents is determined by income generated due to the presence of a business activity in a given area. The structure of the presented method allows for covering all components of intellectual capital within estimated value regardless whether their existence is realized or not. The paper presents the valuation method of intellectual capital to be found in a given socioeconomic area for the purpose of using this method in the third part of the series in which estimates will be conducted for each individual voivodeship (province) in Poland.
EN
This paper is the last in the series of three papers devoted to the estimated value of intellectual capital belonging to any socioeconomic area: voivodship (province), municipality, country, region etc. An idea of the estimated value is based on the assumption that the value of a given socioeconomic area for its residents is determined by income generated due to the presence of a business activity in a given area. The structure of the presented method allows for covering all components of intellectual capital within estimated value regardless whether their existence is realized or not. The paper, the third in the series, makes an approximate estimate of intellectual capital in individual voivodships in Poland for the year 2013. Therefore, it is possible to disclose significant quantitative and qualitative relationships , inter alia between intellectual capital and population of individual provinces.
EN
In this article, the author, addressing different aspects of Russian culture, tries to understand how the institutions of power can function in the Russian provinces, and how they can be perceived by society. Power is distributed unevenly, which results in its deficit. From the author’s point of view, modern practices may have an important cultural basis, involving a special relation to the province, which has traditionally been reflected in political discourse. The author believes that in the Russian provinces, there is an objective power deficit in institutions, which speaks, on the one hand, of a certain disregard for the province, and, on the other hand, testifies to the strength of the resistance to local initiatives and the legal nihilism that has become part of the philosophy of the Russian provincial. This in turn affects a fairly critical attitude towards the political power. A person is no longer capable of trusting the authorities and seeking support from them. The policy of the federal government in modern Russia gives rise to serious gaps between the center and the provinces, which can lead to a specific perception of power itself, and also lead to the formation of anarchic attitudes.  
RU
In this article, the author, addressing different aspects of Russian culture, tries to understand how the institutions of power can function in the Russian provinces, and how they can be perceived by society. Power is distributed unevenly, which results in its deficit. From the author’s point of view, modern practices may have an important cultural basis, involving a special relation to the province, which has traditionally been reflected in political discourse. The author believes that in the Russian provinces, there is an objective power deficit in institutions, which speaks, on the one hand, of a certain disregard for the province, and, on the other hand, testifies to the strength of the resistance to local initiatives and the legal nihilism that has become part of the philosophy of the Russian provincial. This in turn affects a fairly critical attitude towards the political power. A person is no longer capable of trusting the authorities and seeking support from them. The policy of the federal government in modern Russia gives rise to serious gaps between the center and the provinces, which can lead to a specific perception of power itself, and also lead to the formation of anarchic attitudes.
EN
The subject of this article is the procedure for selecting a saint of the Roman Catholic Church patron saint for the city, municipality or wider territory. The establishment of a patron saint is within the competence of the confessional authority, in particular, the bishop and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sac-raments. The procedure consists of three stages: the election, acknowledgement and affirmation of the patron saint. The church’s current regulations regarding the election of patron saints are contained in two documents of the Holy See. The municipal council, the poviat council and the assembly of the province pass a res-olution on the patron at the stage of his election by the society and the clergy. The above-mentioned authorities do not take part in the next two stages. Entities of territorial self-government only have a supporting vote. They cannot independently establish a patron saint, regardless of the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities. The position of administrative courts that the resolutions of the constitutive au-thorities of entities of territorial self-government belong to the category of public administration matters is unjustified. The decree of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments is addressed to a given diocese and not to local self-government authorities. The patron saint is established for a city, mu-nicipality, poviat, or for an area that does not have administrative borders. Entities of territorial self-government must respect the autonomy of the church authorities, and public authorities should be impartial in religious matters. Therefore, entities of territorial self-government do not have the competence to establish a patron saint for the promotion of a municipality, district or self-government of the voivodship. However, they can refer to saint persons at the symbolic level, for example, in the coat of arms or the names of streets and squares. This also applies to schools and hospitals run by local self-government authorities.
EN
The article presents the publications in the periodical “Zhurnal Imperatorskogo chelovekolubivogo obshchestva” and the literary almanac Podarok bednym in the light of the development of charity in Russia (motives, forms, results): 1. The publications of Alexander Sturdza (About social charity, About private charity), Pyotr Shalikov etc.; 2. The charity institutions in the capital and the provinces; 3. The charity initiatives of women and the Russian writers. “Zhurnal Imperatorskogo chelovekolubivogo obshchestva” (the monthly magazine) was published in St. Petersburg from 1817 to 1826. It contained, among other elements, information and reports about the activity of philanthropists and charity institutions, and literary works (Hymn to love for a man by Pyotr Shalikov). Podarok bednym was published in Odessa in 1834 (the motto was a quotation from the Aeneid by Vergil: “Miseris succurrere disco”) by a women’s benevolent society. It contained the commentaries and works of belles-lettres. The paper compares “Zhurnal Imperatorskogo chelovekolubivogo obshchestva” and Podarok bednym (the “common places”, for instance the articles by Alexander Strudza About social charity published in “Zhurnal Imperatorskogo chelovekolubivogo obshchestva” in 1817 and in Podarok bednym in 1834). It presents also the discussions about charity in the Russian periodicals in the first half of the 19th century.
EN
Many scientific works are lack the specific historical material, but complex, multidimensional processes of Ukrainian state are often considered after simplified traditional schemes, without taking into account regional specificity, due to the prolonged stay of Ukrainian lands in the structure of other state formations. The process of the institution establishment of the provincial government attached from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth territories is stipulated by the policy of the tsarist government aimed at strengthening of the centralized management of the Russian Empire. It acquired the concentrated shape in the «theory of official nationality», which envisaged the integration of autocracy, orthodoxy and nation into the «united and indivisible» Russia. The policy of the central authorities was determined as well by the struggle for spheres of influence between the «Russian imperialism» and by the Polish landowners’ elite, the attempt to tear the Ukrainian population from the Polish revolutionary movement. Catherine II considered each province as a governorship, and therefore at each of them appointed “the sovereign’s Viceroy or the Governor-General and subordinate to him «the ruler of the governorship or the Governor». Later, «the Governor of province or Governor became to be known as civil Governor. The latter had subordinated for the management of economic affairs «the Lieutenant Governor or Vice-Governor”. As a rule, the Governors-General were as well commanders of military districts. On the outskirts of the Empire, the Governor-General are not so much watched, but rather directed the state policy in a certain direction, as a kind of «repeater» of the cultural activities of the state, and in some places its founder. In the North-Western and South-Western region governors-General primarily pursued political goals: «to prevent the possibility of an armed uprising and to tighten the connection of the land with the Empire». The direct management of the province was exercised by civil governors. An important step in determining their place and role in the hierarchy of the higher ranks of the Empire, and a careful regulation of their activities was the «General instructions of the civil governors» (1837) Nicholas I. The order clearly defined the legal status of these governors primarily as «security guards inviolability of the supreme rights of the autocracy.» At the same time they had no right t to «make regulations..., install, taxes or charges», and they are not allowed to change court verdicts or to assume the functions of judges. The order stated the provisions of the welfare of the inhabitants of the province, their protection from unlawful harassment. One of the powerful levers of state policy in the Russian Empire was the Orthodox Church and faith; it is no accident that the civil Governor was given the responsibility in the ensuring favorable conditions for strengthening, protection from the split, the influence of heretical doctrines and facts of the proselytism. At the heart of the provincial institutions there was the principle of their division into administrative, judicial and financial. Full executive power belonged to the provincial government, headed by the civil Governor. The Job title of the provincial Prosecutor, the provincial solicitors for criminal and civil cases, provincial land surveyor, architect, etc. had been founded. Beside the provincial board, the Governor headed a significant part of other provincial agencies. The Governor, who was appointed by the Emperor at his discretion or on the proposal of the Ministry of internal affairs, was formally the head of the local provincial administration. He was the highest representative of the administrative and police authorities in the province, had broad administrative and supervisory credentials.
EN
The paper focuses on the link between infrastructure and productivity in the Polish economy. The researcher aims to estimate the direct elasticity of GDP with regard to infrastructure and check the indirect influence of infrastructure on productivity. The adopted research method is based on estimating a three-factor production function for Poland, covering capital, labor and infrastructure. Two forms of the production function were adopted, the Cobb-Douglas function and the translog function. The production function was estimated on the basis of data for Poland’s 16 provinces in 2000-2006. The findings obtained by the author show that infrastructure is an important factor influencing production. The estimated direct elasticity of GDP to infrastructure ranged from 0.11 to 0.22 depending on the production function and the variables used. This level of elasticity is compatible with research findings for other countries, the author says. However, Mackiewicz-Łyziak’s research yielded no conclusive findings on the influence of infrastructure on productivity in the case of other production factors.
EN
Neighbourhood of the City and the Provinces in Dalmatia in the Light of Chosen Examples of Early Modern French Travel LiteratureIn early modern period Dalmatia was a region which was culturally diversified. Such cities as Zadar or Split were the centres of Italian culture, while province was a part of the Slavic world. Their location on the route to Turkey made of them a frequent stop for such French travellers as Jacob Spon (1675) or Louis-François Cassas (1782), which testimonies became a basis for printed publications. In their testimonies readers could find the information about Dalmatian cities and province and differences between then. The latter issue is important, yet often neglected addition to the discussion on the shaping of the image of the Balkans.In this study we concentrate on this French approach to this problem, because it can be considered as representative for the other Western European perspectives. The French look at the issue of neighbourhood of the city and the province was characterized by a distance, which is rarely found in Venetian sources. This wide chronologic scope will allow to show changes which occurred in the French image of Dalmatia during the age of Enlightenment.The paper tries to analyse the travel literature in the perspective of the issue of image of neighbourhood of the city and province in Dalmatia and proves that this image had two perspectives. The first related to the neighbourhood of the sophisticated Italian culture (synonymous with the city) and the province, equated mostly with little known in the West Slavic world. The second perspective, which appeared in the second half of the eighteenth century dealt with these relationships in the wider context of the neighbourhood civilization and backwardness. Sąsiedztwo miasta i prowincji w Dalmacji w świetle wybranych przykładów francuskiej literatury podróżniczej z czasów nowożytnychDalmacja stanowiła w epoce nowożytnej niezwykle zróżnicowany kulturowo obszar, w którym miasta takie, jak Zadar czy Split, stanowiły przede wszystkim ośrodki kultury włoskiej, podczas gdy prowincja przynależała do świata słowiańskiego. Położenie na szlaku do Turcji sprawiało, że do miast trafiali podróżnicy tacy, jak Jacob Spon (1675), czy Louis-François Cassas (1782), którzy opisywali ich zabytki (w tym te z czasów Cesarstwa Rzymskiego), a także obyczaje ich mieszkańców. Bardzo często zwracali uwagę na kulturowy i etniczny kontrast miasta z prowincją, większy niż w przypadku zachodnioeuropejskich centrów i ich okolic – bo dotyczący również kwestii etnicznych. Francuskie spojrzenie na kwestię sąsiedztwa miasta i prowincji na obszarze Dalmacji jest o tyle istotne, że charakteryzuje się dystansem, który rzadziej spotykamy w źródłach weneckich. W owych opisach już na wstępnym etapie badań można wydzielić  dwie  perspektywy – pierwsza dotyczy spotkania wyrafinowanej kultury włoskiej (utożsamianej z miastem) i prowincji, utożsamianej najczęściej z mało znanym na Zachodzie światem słowiańskim. Druga perspektywa, która pojawiła się w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku, rozpatrywała te relacje w szerszym kontekście sąsiedztwa cywilizacji i zacofania, które łączyło wspominaną refleksję dotyczącą stosunków włosko-słowiańskich  z historyczną refleksją nad sąsiedztwem rzymskiej cywilizacji (której wiele świadectw zachowało się miastach dalmatyńskich) z barbarzyństwem – które doprowadziło do jej kresu. Szersza perspektywa chronologiczna umożliwi uchwycenie zmiany, jaka zaszła w we francuskim spojrzeniu na Dalmację, a której katalizatorem były nie tylko coraz większe zainteresowanie tym regionem (mające swoje apogeum w krótkim okresie napoleońskich rządów w Dalmacji w okresie istnienia Prowincji Iliryjskich), lecz również oświeceniowa refleksja dotycząca cywilizacji i prymitywizmu.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the components of the autobiographical space, which can be found in Taras Prokhasko’s essay Discours de cosaques, with particular reference to the categories of space, memory, and trauma. The author will explore how Prokhasko builds a relationship between memory and space in the context of identity formation strategies that place this text in the geophysical creation of a Place. Taking into consideration the postcolonial approach will allow the author to look at the essay as a realization of the author’s strategy, part of which fits into the postcolonial discourse of Ukrainian literature and, more broadly, the literature of Central and Eastern Europe. The author will focus on Prokhasko’s recognition of the provincial motif closely linked to the national perspective.
RU
Целью статьи является анализ компонентов автобиографического места, образ которого представлен в эссе Discours de cosaques Т. Прохасько. Особенное внимание посвящено категориям пространства, памяти и травмы. Анализируемый текст зачислен в ряд геопоэтических образов Места, поэтому авторские приемы рассмотрены с точки зрения художественного оформления отношений между памятью и пространством в контексте идентификационных стратегий. Применение постколониальныого подхода позволило также выделить и подвергнуть разбору авторские стратегии, часть которых вписывается к постколониальный дискурс украинской литературы, и шире — литературы Центрально-Восточной Европы. Особенное внимание уделено авторской реализации мотива провинции, которая тесно связанна с общенациональной перспективой.
PL
The outbreak of “Solidarity” surprised the deep province, especially its artistic community. The seeds of the rebellion struck only in the young creators, especially in those who were not connected with the institutions. Most of them watched the events with concern, waiting for the development of the situation. The less conformist part of the creators however associated with the “Solidarity” movement, for which they organized a concerts and even a special theatrical performance. Young writers wrote occasional poems, and even associated themselves organizationally with “Solidarity” movement.
EN
The surviving sources provide very little detail on the governors of Arabia in Late Antiquity (AD 284–641). The best documented period is the late 350s and early 360s, for which most information comes from several letters of Libanius of Antioch; a number of writings by that renowned rhetorician are at the core of all present-day lists and biographical notes on the governors of Arabia in that period. A closer look at Libanius’ letters, for all their ambiguity, does nevertheless invite a revision of the current state of knowledge, either through confirming earlier findings, or correcting and supplementing them.
PL
Celem artykułu jest addenda et corrigenda biogramów namiestników Arabii, z najlepiej oświetlonego źródłami okresu, tj. przełomu lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych IV stulecia n.e. Bazę źródłową stanowią przede wszystkim listy retora Libaniusza, adresowane do namiestników Arabii. Są to teksty niełatwe w interpretacji, choć poddane już gruntowanej analizie (głównie: O. Seeck, W. Ensslin, G. Sievers, P. Petit, M. Sartre), wciąż pozwalają na oryginalne wnioskowanie. W artykule podejmuję próbę skorygowania listy namiestników Arabii, ułożonej przez M. Sartre’a, a także poszerzenia lub skorygowania naszej dotychczasowej wiedzy w zakresie tytulatury i kompetencji, pochodzenia, wykształcenia, tożsamości religijnej oraz przebiegu karier.
EN
Spanish constitutionalists agree that the contemporary territorial organization of their state requires urgent reforms. The administrative map of the state based on traditional territorial units: municipalities and provinces cannot withstand the impact with modern requirements of the “state of autonomy”, as today’s Spain is usually called. While the autonomous communities are relatively recent entities, both municipalities and provinces date back to the Middle Ages, and even to earlier periods. Hence the attempts to force new administrative units of territorial division, which were not included in the current Constitution, or attempts to revive old units adapted to the contemporary model of the state. This article presents the origin of territorial units, showing how much history and tradition influence the modern administrative division of the state.
PL
Konstytucjonaliści hiszpańscy są zgodni, że współczesna organizacja terytorialna państwa wymaga pilnych reform. Mapa administracyjna państwa oparta na tradycyjnych jednostkach terytorialnych: municypiach i prowincjach nie wytrzymuje zderzenia ze współczesnymi wymaganiami „państwa autonomii”, jak zwykło nazywać się obecną Hiszpanię. O ile wspólnoty autonomiczne są podmiotami w miarę świeżymi, o tyle zarówno municypia, jak i prowincje sięgają swoimi korzeniami Średniowiecza, a nawet okresów wcześniejszych. Stąd próby forsowania nowych administracyjnych jednostek podziału terytorialnego, które nie zostały uwzględnione we współczesnej Konstytucji lub próby wskrzeszenia dawnych jednostek przystosowanych w większy lub mniejszy sposób do we współczesnym modelu państwa. Niniejszy artykuł przybliża rodowód poszczególnych jednostek terytorialnych, ukazując jak bardzo historia i tradycja wpływa na współczesny podział administracyjny państwa.
Annales Canonici
|
2023
|
vol. 19
|
issue 1
65-69
EN
This article presents a case study on canonical procedural law. The author answers in the affirmative to the title question: can a secular cleric sue a provincial and a province in diocesan tribunal? The author presents legal arguments based primarily on interpretation of law.
PL
W tym artykule przedstawiony został kazus dotyczący kanonicznego prawa procesowego. Autorka odpowiada twierdząco na tytułowe pytanie: Czy duchowny diecezjalny może pozwać prowincjała i prowincję przed sąd diecezjalny? Przedstawia argumenty  prawne oparte głównie na wykładani przepisów, uzasadniające ten pogląd.
EN
Even though the province has been a territorial division unit since the unification of Italy, despite the passing of over 150 years it has not been able to obtain a clear institutional identity. Its existence has been repeatedly questioned with attempts of abolition followed by reactivation. The economic crisis of 2008 brought again into question the legitimacy and efficiency of the functioning of the province. The latter was about to be abolished by means of an unsuccessful constitutional reform, which was rejected in the constitutional referendum of December 4, 2016. Nevertheless, in 2014 Parliament adopted the so-called Delrio Act, which did not eliminate the province, but transformed it into the so-called wide territorial unit (enti territoriali di area vasta) together with the newly created metropolitan cities. In Sicily, the provinces were abolished and free consortia were created in their place, while in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region inter-municipal territorial unions were formed. After the reforms carried out as a result of the economic crisis of 2008, the province became only one of many units of an intermediate level of the state structure and its actual significance was related to the policy of a particular region and assigned functions (regional rescaling). The weakening of the political position of the province is associated with its increasing dependence on the region, the elimination of the direct election of its organs, unpaid character of work in provincial bodies and the reduction of financial resources for existing competences.
PL
Choć prowincja jest jednostką podziału terytorialnego od zjednoczenia Włoch, to mimo upływu ponad 150 lat nie zdołała uzyskać jednoznacznej tożsamości instytucjonalnej. Podważono jest istnienie wielokrotnie, podejmując próby jej zniesienie a następnie reaktywacji. Kryzys ekonomiczny 2008 roku ponownie poddał pod dyskusję zasadność i efektywność funkcjonowania prowincji wraz z próbą jej likwidacji w drodze nieudanej reformy konstytucyjnej, która została odrzucona w referendum konstytucyjnym z 4 grudnia 2016 r. Parlament uchwalił jednak w 2014 r. tzw. ustawę Delrio, która wprawdzie nie zlikwidowała prowincji, ale przekształciła je w tzw. jednostki terytorialne o szerokim obszarze (enti territoriali di area vasta) wraz z nowopowstałymi miastami metropolitalnymi. Na Sycylii zniesiono prowincje a w ich miejsce utworzono wolne konsorcja, a w regionie Friuli-Wenecja Julijska międzygminne unie terytorialne. Po reformach przeprowadzonych w efekcie kryzysu ekonomicznego 2008 r. prowincja stała się jedną z wielu jednostek pośredniego poziomu struktury państwa, a jej faktyczne znaczenie związane było z polityką konkretnego regionu oraz przydzielonymi funkcjami (regional rescaling). Osłabienie pozycji ustrojowej prowincji wiąże się z coraz większym jej uzależnieniem od regionu, likwidacją bezpośredniego wyboru jej organów, bezpłatnym sprawowaniem funkcji w organach prowincji oraz zmniejszeniem środków finansowych na jej funkcjonowanie.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the spatial conception in the works of Ádam Bodor (The Sinistra Zone, The Archbishop visit). The construction of the novels written by the Hungarian writer depicts that in this novel there appears a particular story space. Bodor describes places, which didn’t exist in external reality. He also gives them names which constitute a type of hint. The readership can easily decode the names of the borderlands. The writer constructs these ideas based on his own philosophy which is connected with perturbations of the cyclical processes of nature, metaphors of the totalitarian world but also being the eternal Wanderer. 
PL
Artykuł prezentuje analizę koncepcji przestrzeni w twórczości Ádama Bodora (Okręg Sinistra, Wizyta arcybiskupa). Konstrukcja powieści węgierskiego pisarza pozwala stwierdzić, że mamy w tych powieściach do czynienia ze szczególną formą fabularnej przestrzeni. Bodor opisuje miejsca, które nie istnieją w rzeczywistości pozatekstowej, nadając im jednak nazwy, które stają się rodzajem wskazówki, podpowiedzi. Czytelnik z łatwością może dekodować nazwy przygranicznych terenów opisywanych w tej twórczości. Bodor opiera swój koncept także na fiozofii wpisanej w zaburzenie cyklicznych procesów przyrody, metaforach totalitarnego świata, byciu wiecznym tułaczem.
EN
The paper concerns a book by Krzysztof Czyżewski entitled A Small Center of the World and the issues presented in it, namely those of borderland and province, of the merging of various cultures, nationalities, traditions, and religious beliefs within one space. Czyżewski is the initiator, founder, and for almost three decades an employee of the Borderland Foundation and Center in Sejny, as well as of the nearby International Center for Dialogue in Krasnogruda (both localities are situated close to the Polish-Lithuanian border). As a “practitioner of ideas”, as he tends to call himself, Czyżewski casts a new light on the issue of province by pointing out that thanks to caring for one’s own roots and for the local, it may become possible to prevent the provincialism of thinking, and that the possibilities of overcoming inter-human division accumulate in the „small centers of the world”. The paper does not only discuss the issues which are focused on in the book in question, but also refers to other works dedicated to borderlands and to the current cultural situation in Poland.
EN
Objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of expenditures on innovation activity of food processing industry enterprises in Poland in regional aspect. The expenditures and effects of innovation activity in different provinces in Poland during 2014–2017 were examined. The most effectiveness province Opolskie found. High level of effectiveness was recorded in Kujawsko-pomorskie province and Dolnośląskie province. The highest level of expenditures on innovation activity was incurred in Mazowieckie province, but this activity proved to be the least effective. Analyzed against the worst regions fell Łódzkie province.
PL
Celem opracowania była próba oceny efektywności nakładów ponoszonych na działalność innowacyjną w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłu spożywczego w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym. Zbadano nakłady i efekty działalności innowacyjnej prowadzonej w poszczególnych województwach Polski w latach 2014-2017. Najbardziej efektywne okazało się województwo opolskie. Wysoką efektywność odnotowano w województwach: kujawsko-pomorskim i dolnośląskim. Najwyższe nakłady na działalność innowacyjną poniesiono w województwie mazowieckim, jednak działalność ta okazała się mało efektywna. Najgorzej na tle analizowanych regionów wypadło województwo łódzkie.
EN
Economic security of the State is an issue which has grown in importance in the light of economic crisis which began in the US in 2007 and whose consequences soon became evident in other countries of the world, including Poland. In the light of falling economic climate in Poland caused by a downturn in global economy, it has become vital to improve nation al economic safety. One of its main determinants is the fi nancial situation of the State, which is aff ected by the fi nancial standing of territorial self-government units. Hence, eff orts to improve the fi nances of self-government sector in Poland, especially in terms of income, should be counted among the priorities required to improve national economic security. Th e aim of this paper is to analyze the possible options for securing income by territorial self-government units in Poland in the years 2008- 2013, taking into account the need to ensure fi nancial stability of the functioning of these entities and continuity of their activities. Th is objective is accompanied by the following thesis: “improvement of national economic security requires action to improve the fi nancial standing of territorial self-government units by applying solutions to increase their fi scal autonomy”, which has been proven in the course of the analysis performed.
XX
Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne państwa to zagadnienie, które nabrało szczególnego znaczenia w obliczu kryzysu ekonomicznego, który rozpoczął się w 2007 r. w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki, a jego konsekwencje w następnych latach były odczuwalne w kolejnych państwach świata, w tym w Polsce. W obliczu pogarszania się koniunktury gospodarczej w Polsce na skutek niekorzystnych zmian w gospodarce światowej kluczowe stało się dbanie o wzmacnianie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. Jedną z najważniejszych determinant je kształtujących jest stan fi nansów państwa, na który oddziałuje sytuacja fi nansowa jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. W związku z powyższym troska o poprawę stanu fi nansów sektora samorządowego w Polsce, a zwłaszcza ich strony dochodowej, powinna stanowić jeden z priorytetów służących polepszaniu bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Celem artykułu jest analiza możliwości pozyskiwania dochodów przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce w latach 2008–2013, biorąc pod uwagę potrzebę zapewnienia stabilności fi nansowej w działalności tych podmiotów oraz ciągłości realizowanych przez nie zadań. Tak sformułowanemu celowi towarzyszy teza brzmiąca następująco: „polepszenie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa wymaga działań mających na celu poprawę stanu fi nansów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego poprzez stosowanie rozwiązań służących wzrostowi ich samodzielności fi nansowej dochodowej”, która została potwierdzona w toku przeprowadzonych analiz.
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