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Poeci i ich zwierzęta

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EN
Anita Jarzyna’s essays, collected in the book Post-koiné. Studia o nieantropocentrycznych językach (poetyckich) (Post-Koiné. Studies on Non-Anthropocentric (Poetic) Languages), contribute to the flourishing field of animal studies. Her work develops a coherent theory of the reading of poetry using the latest methodologies. Jarzyna’s main argument, developed through a microscopic analysis of the the poems of several dozen poets, is for the necessity of the intentional reconfiguration of well-worn expressions and the re-evaluation of tropes. The reason for this is, as Donna Haraway argues, that such linguistic constructions and tropes are the reason the language “deviates from the correct path and takes a turn”. This remark applies not only to the works of Joanna Mueller and Justyna Bargielska, which intercept and neutralise derogatory language related to hunting (pomiot, pokot), but also to poets deconstructing oxymorons functioning in the Polish language (as in the case of Ryszard Krynicki), as well as allusively referring to canonical formulas (Adorno) which are of importance in the period (for example, in the poems of The Lives of Birds and Mammals, Kronhold). This is not the only strategy Jarzyna decides to pursue. She also outlines a complementary account of the animal biography (for example, Laika the dog, one of the first animals in space), the publicizing of which is part of Éric Baratay’s project of extending human history to non-human actors. The French historian postulates that the animal cannot remain a blank spot in history; a methodology for reading documents and testimonies must be developed in order to allow the reconstruction of the life path of animals. In the light of new research, the agency of animals is unquestionable, a narrative that Jarzyna also builds upon. This project criticizes many stereotypes and announces the development of a new way of speaking and thinking about writing. The first step in revising the old order is to revolutionize language by purifying it of animal-related curse words and other linguistic constructions that harm animals. In the eyes of this reviewer, Jarzyna’s monograph stands out from other publications in terms of the construction of the argument and its centralpremises, which go beyond the cautious style of many academic books.
PL
Studia Anity Jarzyny zebrane w książce Post-koiné. Studia o nieantropocentrycznych językach (poetyckich) lokują się w polu „przeżywających” obecnie rozkwit studiów nad zwierzętami i wypracowują spójną koncepcję czytania poezji z zastosowaniem najnowszych metodologii. Pomysł Jarzyny, która poddała mikrologicznej analizie wiersze kilkudziesięciu poetek i poetów, oparty jest na śledzeniu intencjonalnych rekonfiguracji utartych wyrażeń i dowartościowaniu tropów, ponieważ, jak przekonuje Donna Haraway, to one powodują, że język „odchyla się od właściwego kursu i skręca”. Uwaga ta odnosi się nie tylko do twórczości Joanny Mueller i Justyny Bargielskiej, które przechwytują i unieważniają inwektywy łowieckie (pomiot, pokot), lecz również poetów dekonstruujących funkcjonujące w polszczyźnie oksymorony (casus Ryszarda Krynickiego), a także aluzyjnie nawiązujących do kanonicznych formuł (np. Adorna), których znaczenie ulega rozszerzeniu (casus wiersza Życie ptaków i ssaków po Kronholda). Nie jest to jedyna strategia, na jaką decyduje się Jarzyna. Zarysowuje też komplementarną narrację o zwierzęcych biografiach (np. Łajki), których nagłaśnianie wpisuje się w projekt poszerzania ludzkiej historii o nieludzkich aktorów, autorstwa Érica Barataya. Francuski historyk postuluje, że zwierzę nie może być nadal białą plamą historii, dlatego należy wypracować koncepcję czytania dokumentów i świadectw, która pozwoliłaby na zrekonstruowanie losu zwierząt. Ich sprawczość jest w świetle nowych badań niepodważalna, co podkreśla również Jarzyna. Jej projekt poddaje krytyce wiele stereotypów i zapowiada wypracowywanie nowego sposobu mówienia i myślenia o zwierzętach. Pierwszym etapem rewizji starego porządku ma być rewolucja języka i oczyszczenie go z inwektyw o podłożu animalnym i porównań, które zawsze pozostają krzywdzące dla zwierząt. W ocenie autora tekstu monografia Jarzyny wyróżnia się na tle innych publikacji sposobem prowadzenia wywodu i narracją, która wykracza poza kostyczny styl książek akademickich.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2022
|
vol. 17
|
issue 12
194-213
EN
The article's author proposes a zoocritical reading of Tadeusz Śliwiak's Poem about the Urban Slaughterhouse and poems from other volumes in which animals appear. The basic assumption is an attempt to notice in the volume from 1965 threads testifying ecological sensitivity, which anticipated the subsequent development of ecological literature. The author, taking into account the poems created since the 60s of the twentieth century, postulates the recognition of Śliwiak as a poet who shows a tendency to include not only people but also animals in the "community of the wounded". The emotion that allows us to build a new order based on care and responsibility is the humiliation experienced by the poet during his stay in the city slaughterhouse during the Second World War. What testifies to the persistent return of memories from that period is the metaphor of the "scar of memory", appearing in many poems. The author of the article argues that long-term observation of the mass death of animals could have been a traumatic experience for the poet.
PL
Autor artykułu proponuje zookrytyczną lekturę Poematu o miejskiej rzeźni Tadeusza Śliwiaka, a także wierszy z innych tomów, w których pojawiają się zwierzęta. Podstawowym założeniem jest próba dostrzeżenia w tomie z 1965 wątków świadczących o wrażliwości ekologicznej, które antycypowały późniejszy rozwój literatury ekologicznej. Autor, biorąc pod uwagę wiersze powstałe od lat 60. XX wieku, postuluje uznanie Śliwiaka za poetę przejawiającego skłonność do włączania do "wspólnoty zranionych" nie tylko ludzi, lecz również zwierzęta. Emocją, która pozwala na budowanie nowego ładu, opartego na trosce i odpowiedzialności, jest upokorzenie, doznawane przez poetę w czasie zamieszkiwania miejskiej rzeźni w czasie drugiej wojny światowej. Tym, co świadczy o uporczywym powracaniu wspomnień z tamtego okresu, jest metafora "blizny pamięci", pojawiająca się w wielu tomach. Autor artykułu dowodzi, że długotrwałe obserwowanie masowej śmierci zwierząt mogło być dla poety doświadczeniem traumatycznym.
EN
Brutalisation of crimes involving violence, as well as crimes connected with physicaland verbal aggression in public life can be observed in the Polish society. At the sametime, the media inform about these pathologies in diverse ways. The problem of crimesinvolving violence against individuals is a classic area of criminological research. InPolish criminological literature, problems associated with violence towards animalsare set aside from the basic considerations concerning the problem of violence. Itis noted that this theme is the subject of many English-language publications. InAmerican criminological literature, it is indicated that the perpetrators of abuse(perpetrators of domestic violence) also use violence against domestic animals as socalled“substi tute objects”. There is no indigenous empirical research confirming orfalsifying the hypothesis on the existence of such a correlation. Therefore, the main aimof this work was to define, on the basis of the results of the author’s research, ifthere is any relationship between the phenomenon of aggression towards animalsand propensity for agression towards people. Moreover, the author formulatedthe following research problems: have the perpetrators of crimes involving cruelty toanimals been previously convicted, particularly for any crimes of aggression? Whatkind of crimes were they? Is it possible to specify the common features that characteriseperpetrators who use violence against animals and people? What factors play a leadingrole in the criminogenic process concerning perpetrators of crimes of aggression?The work is divided into five parts. The first, called “Introductory Matters”, offersa review of the status quaestionis and definitions of the basic concepts which appearin the subsequent parts of the paper (violence, aggression, legal status of animals,cruelty to animals). The second part summarises the methodology of the author’sresearch. The applied research method involved researching documents, done by usingthe records research technique (indirect observation). The research tools includedthe author’s questionnaire of records research consisting of 34 questions grouped in fivecategories: preparatory proceedings, court proceedings, trial (the first and the secondinstance), the perpetrator’s deed, the victim of crime, the perpetrator of crime. Thesubject of analysis covered the contents of the court records in criminal cases with legalvalidity concerning Article 35 of the Act on the Protection of Animals. Therefore, onlythe finalised court proceedings were researched. The research included 59 criminalproceedings instituted against 61 persons accused of a prohibited act in the formof animal killing or violence against animals. The research was conducted in the firsthalf of 2017 in the District Court in Olsztyn (2nd Criminal Department and 7th CriminalDepartment). The time range of the research included the period 1997–2016, i.e. sincethe entry into force of the Act on the Protection of Animals until the end of the research, considered as full calendar years. The author researched all criminal cases that endedwith a final judgement. On the basis of the established criteria, criminal cases wereselected in which the relationship between the use of violence by perpetrators towardsanimals and people was ascertained. Further analysis was applied to 23 criminal cases,in which 21 perpetrators were convicted. The third part discusses the research results.The data collected for the purposes of criminal proceedings have provided basic informationconcerning the gender and the age of the perpetrator, his/her education, maritalstatus, employment, prior criminal history, legal qualification of the committed crimesand the statement whether the perpetrator was under the influence of alcohol or drugsat the time of committing the crime. On the basis of personal and cognitive dataof the perpetrators of crimes punishable under Article 35 of the Act on the Protectionof Animals and the forensic and psychiatric opinions drawn up for the purposes ofcriminal proceedings, the characteristics of the studied population were presentedand the factors that could play an important role in the genesis of acts of aggression(risk factors) were identified. In the fourth part, the selected criminological theoriesexplaining the reasons for the aggressive behaviour were referred to specific casesof the examined perpetrators. The work ends with a conclusion which provides a verificationof the researched hypotheses for the purposes of the paper.
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