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1

Zjawisko przemytu dóbr kultury

100%

Jakubowski O.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2014

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issue XXXVI

389-421

EN

Trafficking in cultural property is a transnational crime that threatens world cultural heritage and jeopardizes legitimate trade in art. The smuggling of cultural property assumes a number of forms. Items might be illegally imported or exported, cultural property might be take out of a country on a temporary permit and not returned, and cultural property might not be declared when it is brought into a country to avoid paying duty. Given such diverse forms of smuggling, criminologists find it hard to give an unequivocal definition of trafficking in cultural property and to specify who is a trafficker and who is not. The illegal transfer of cultural property across national borders is often connected to, if not tightly bound with, other types of crime. Criminals who steal precious works of art and organized gangs that loot archaeological sites all factor smuggling into their plans to sell the stolen cultural property. Trafficking often remains undetected until a stolen item is found abroad. Unless the item is found, many years can transpire before anybody realizes that it was illegally moved across national borders. Law enforcement statistics consequently fail to fully convey the scale of trafficking in cultural property. It is also worth noting that cultural property, and especially works of art, is of interest to organized crime and used as collateral in e.g. drug transactions and money laundering. Globalization has strengthened the phenomena that stimulate trafficking in cultural property. Streamlined movement of goods, limited border checks and higher traffic between countries are all contributing factors that heighten the risk of cultural property being illegally transferred. Preventive measures are required to alleviate this risk. International organizations such as UNESCO, UNODC and Interpol have been combating trafficking in cultural property by devising practical measures and drawing up regulations to help contain the problem. Unfortunately, these have met with mixed success. The measures devised to prevent the illegal movement of cultural property between EU member states have proved to be ineffective, prompting changes to both Polish law and EU regulations. This paper outlines the scale and extent of trafficking in cultural property and discusses the legal regulations designed to combat it.

2

„NIELEGALNY OBRÓT SKRADZIONYMI DOBRAMI KULTURY W EUROPIE ŚRODKOWEJ I WSCHODNIEJ” 5. Międzynarodowa Konferencja Interpolu Wieliczka, 18-20 września 2007 r.

71%

Florjanowicz P., Wisniewski B.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2007

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issue 2

13-15

EN

The 5th International Conference on the Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property Stolen in Central and Eastern Europe took place from 18-20 September in Wieliczka with 125 participants from 21 member countries, as well as representatives of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and the World Customs Organization. The Polish co organisers of the conference included the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, the Police Chief Headquarters, and the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. The Polish side was represented by the National Heritage Board of Poland and the Centre for the Protection of Public Collections. The possibilities of the Board’s cooperation with the police were presented by the Board’s employees Paulina Florjanowicz and Marcin Sabaciński. Among the recommendations passed, the conference participants were urged to establish closer domestic and international cooperation aimed at the protection of national cultural property. They agreed to implement the Basic Actions drawn up by Interpol, UNESCO and the International Council of Museums to determine the illicit sale of cultural objects over the Internet, and to communicate to Interpol information about cultural property thefts, stolen or recovered objects, and details on the individuals and networks involved in illicit trafficking. Member countries were also recommended to extend access to Interpol’s database of stolen works of art to all law enforcement agencies investigating cultural property crimes.

3

Zagadnienia ochrony dóbr kultury w prawie chińskim

51%

Smolarek M. P.

Ius Novum

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2020

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vol. 14

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issue 2

220-221

EN

China is one of the biggest states that are a source of cultural property in the world, which has been losing part of its priceless heritage since the middle of the 19th century due to plunder, illegal trade and intentional or accidental damage. Due to multi-century history and ethnic diversity, China adopted a hierarchical system of the protection of relics and a model of legislation based on co-existence of comprehensive and specialist legislation taking into account a special nature of some objects. The People’s Republic of China is a country with rich culture and long history which, thanks to the consistent improvement of legislation and integration with the international system of cultural property management, holds an important position in the global movement for the protection of relics. The article aims to present the most important issues concerning legal protection of cultural property in China.

PL

Chiny są jednym z największych państw źródłowych dóbr kultury na świecie, które od połowy XIX w. traci część bezcennego dziedzictwa na skutek grabieży, nielegalnej sprzedaży oraz celowego lub przypadkowego niszczenia. Ze względu na wielowiekową historię oraz bogactwo grup etnicznych Chiny przyjęły hierarchiczny system ochrony zabytków oraz model legislacji oparty na koegzystencji ustawodawstwa kompleksowego i specjalistycznego, uwzględniającego szczególny charakter niektórych obiektów. Chińska Republika Ludowa jest krajem o bogatej kulturze i długiej historii, który dzięki konsekwentnemu ulepszaniu legislacji oraz integracji z międzynarodowym systemem zarządzania dobrami kultury zajmuje ważne miejsce w globalnym ruchu na rzecz ochrony zabytków. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych zagadnień związanych z prawną ochroną dóbr kultury w Chinach.

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Zjawisko przemytu dóbr kultury

„NIELEGALNY OBRÓT SKRADZIONYMI DOBRAMI KULTURY W EUROPIE ŚRODKOWEJ I WSCHODNIEJ” 5. Międzynarodowa Konferencja Interpolu Wieliczka, 18-20 września 2007 r.

Zagadnienia ochrony dóbr kultury w prawie chińskim