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1

"Kryminalne" aspekty przestępczości podatkowej

100%

Wilk L.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2009

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issue XXXI

209-221

EN

There is a common opinion that fiscal offence has no criminal character but is merely an administrative offence and consists only of petty deeds of little social noxiousness. This opinion is not accurate with regard to basic types of tax crimes which very often are varieties of common frauds or forgery that may seriously endanger financial transactions of a country or local government. They are characterised by the fact that the tax procedures and legal structures are faked or falsely initiated and employed to commit or de facto to camouflage offences of criminal character. One example could be tax fraud involving simulation of a series of transactions which have no real economic of commercial significance and serve to fake alleged tax obligations and to initiate the procedure of VAT and ultimately to obtain from the Treasury substantial amounts of unjust VAT refunds under false pretences. These are in fact ordinary criminal offenses committed with the use of tax refund procedures. Possibility of moving VAT free goods between countries of the European Union with the lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms in the Member States resulted in a dangerous increase in the number of organized frauds, which are simply regarded as a mechanism “embedded” in the EU VAT system. They are referred to as tax carousels or carousel frauds. Tax law, its mechanisms, and its procedures are sometimes used not only for this type of criminal extortion of property from the tax authorities but also as for a so-called money laundering and legalization of illegal incomes. Generally, tax offences shows more and more close links with strictly criminal offences, it is becoming more and more organised, professionalism of the perpetrators is increasing, and even a growth in brutalization of such crimes can observed. This should change a traditional approach to tax crime.

2

Czynniki kryminogenne przestępczości podatkowej

80%

Wilk L.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2008

|

issue XXIX-XXX

227-238

3

O tzw. "ciemnej liczbie" przestępstw podatkowych

80%

Wilk L.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

2011

|

issue XXXIII

27-38

EN

The subject of the study is a research of non-disclosed tax crime, in criminology known as the ''dark number''. Among the factors influenting its extent, we can enumerate: tax institutions' efficiency, citizens' attitudes towards this category of crimes (especially their willingness to inform about tax crimes) and the tax system itself with its rules. Approximate image of the size of non-disclosed tax crime we can obtain within frames of research on the so-called ''informal commercial sector''. Within the ''informal sector'' we can also (but not only) classify all sorts of behaviour connected with avoiding tax payment. Among the research methods we can enumerate: direct methods (concentrating on specific taxpayers) and indirect methods (analysis of macro- economic data). The image of non-disclosed tax crime makes easier estimating the size of the so-called ''tax gap'' (tax revenue non-obtained by the state). Research on the extent of the ''informal sector'' and ''tax gap'' reflect only social and economic importance of tax crime but do not give basis to a more close description of the ''dark number'' of tax crime (in the meaning used in criminology- as a relation- for example 1:9 or as a percentage- for example 80%). Only a comparison of a scale of tax reductions and their structure with reference to the categories of tax offences with the range of general ''tax gap'' can let us estimate the ''dark number'' of tax crime, resulting with the ''tax gap''.

4

„KARUZELA PODATKOWA” – MECHANIZM I UCZESTNICY PRZESTĘPSTWA WYŁUDZENIA PODATKU VAT

71%

Sebastianka B.

Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

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2017

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vol. 2(26)

285-297

PL

Według opinii ekspertów podatkowych oszustwa karuzelowe stanowią aktualnie najpoważniejszą grupę przestępstw skarbowych w całej Unii Europejskiej. Skutkami działania przestępców jest znaczne uszczuplenie budżetów państw członkowskich. Tego rodzaju przestępczość wykorzystuje zaawansowane schematy transakcyjne związane z konstrukcją podatku od wartości dodanej (VAT) w celu uniknięcia zapłaty podatku VAT należnego lub wyłudzenie zwrotu VAT poprzez stworzenie fikcji gospodarczej polegającej na okrężnym ruchu towarów między państwami członkowskimi Unii Europejskiej Wyrażenie „karuzela” odnosi się do takiego sposobu przeprowadzania transakcji pomiędzy poszczególnymi podmiotami zaangażowanymi w przestępstwo, by w ostatniej fazie łańcucha dostaw towar wrócił do podmiotu z państwa pochodzenia (pierwszej firmy w karuzeli).

EN

In the opinion of tax experts carousel fraud is currently the most serious crime group within the European Union. Consequently, we have observed a significant depletion of the budgets of the Member States. This kind of crime uses advanced transactional schemas associated with the construction of value added tax (VAT) in order to avoid payment of VAT or VAT refund scam by creating economic fiction consisting of a circular movement of goods between the Member States of the European Union. The expression “Carousel” refers to the way transactions between the entities involved in a crime take place, where in the last phase of the goods supply chain, produce is returned to the country of its origin (the first company in the carousel).

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3 Archiwum Kryminologii

1 Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

3 Wilk L.

1 Sebastianka B.

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"Kryminalne" aspekty przestępczości podatkowej

Czynniki kryminogenne przestępczości podatkowej

O tzw. "ciemnej liczbie" przestępstw podatkowych

„KARUZELA PODATKOWA” – MECHANIZM I UCZESTNICY PRZESTĘPSTWA WYŁUDZENIA PODATKU VAT