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Szpitale warszawskie w świetle akt Komisji Województwa Mazowieckiego z lat 1815–1867

100%

Osiecka M.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

2017

vol. 24

207-221

Warsaw hospitals were mostly established in 14th and 15th century. Initially, they played the role of shelters for the elderly, disabled and orphans. Their function changed only in 19th century. They have become therapeutic facilities, accepting the sick, although some of them have retained the shelter function. In the fi rst years of the Kingdom of Poland (after 1815), they were subordinated to the Mazowieckie Voivodship Commission, after that to General Supervisory Council and since the 1830s — to General Care Council. The main source of revenue for the hospitals were foundations or donations, as well as alms, city subventions, last wills of individuals, fundraisers and funds from rental of apartments located in houses owned by hospitals. The doctors initially worked free of charge. Some of them were professors of the Medical Faculty of Warsaw University. Level of medical care was not satisfactory. Patients with contagious diseases were not separated from the others, the patients were sharing beds, there were no bathrooms or ventilation. Daily fee for hospital stay was 15 kopeks. The sick were accepted not only from Warsaw, but also from neighbouring areas, and even further away locations (Cracow, Gniezno, Lviv). Hospital stay was usually long — two weeks at the very shortest, three quarters more often than not. Patients with bone fractures were kept hospitalized for a very long time. Mortality in hospitals was on the level of 25% of patients accepted in a year. Every year, gradual but signifi cant changes were introduced in the system of care for the sick, organization of hospitals, principles of hygiene, as well as appearance of hospital buildings. Hospital adjacent clinics were established. Those served the poor, who received free of charge care and drugs. Condition of hospital buildings and their furnishings were improving as well. If some were no longer fi t for use, new buildings were built or other premises were adapted. After promulgation of a new Act on hospitals organization and management in 1842, hospitals were to serve exclusively the sick. For each, necessary medical personnel was appointed — head physician, physicians and feldshers. In 1815–1867 there were 14 hospitals in Warsaw: St. Martin, Holy Spirit, St. Lazarus, Holy Virgin Mary, Holy Cross, Hospitallers of St John, Evangelical, Baudouin House of Orphans (subsequently Child Jesus), Jewish, Central Military Hospital, St. Casimir, St. Roch, Obstetrics Institute, Ophthalmological Institute. Most of them survived until 1944; some were destroyed, others were incorporated into new hospitals created after 1945. The only hospital from that period surviving to this day is the Hospital of Child Jesus.

Szpitale warszawskie w większości zostały założone w XIV i XV w. Początkowo pełniły rolę przytułków dla starców, kalek i sierot. Dopiero w XIX w. nastąpiła zmiana ich funkcji. Stały się zakładami leczniczymi, przyjmującymi chorych, choć kilka z nich nadal pełniło rolę przytułku. W pierwszych latach Królestwa Polskiego (po 1815 r.) były podporządkowane Komisji Województwa Mazowieckiego, następnie Radzie Ogólnej Dozorczej, a od lat 30. XIX w. – Radzie Głównej Opiekuńczej. Podstawę egzystencji szpitali stanowiły dochody z nadań fundatorów lub darowizn, a także jałmużna, subwencje miejskie, zapisy testamentowe osób prywatnych, kwesty oraz środki finansowe pozyskiwane z wynajmowania mieszkań w kamienicach należących do szpitali. Początkowo lekarze pracowali bezpłatnie. Niektórzy z nich byli profesorami Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Poziom opieki lekarskiej nie był zadawalający. Nie oddzielano chorych na choroby zakaźne od pozostałych, chorzy leżeli po dwóch w jednym łóżku, brakowało łazienek, wentylacji. Opłata dzienna za pobyt w szpitalu wynosiła 15 kopiejek. Przyjmowano chorych nie tylko z Warszawy, ale też z okolic, a nawet odległych miast (Kraków, Gniezno, Lwów). Czas pobytu w szpitalu był długi. Najkrócej trwał dwa tygodnie, częściej trzy kwartały. Bardzo długo trzymano chorych ze złamaniami. Umieralność w szpitalach wynosiła około 25% przyjmowanych chorych w ciągu roku. Z każdym rokiem następowały powolne, ale znaczące zmiany w systemie pielęgnacji chorych, organizacji szpitali, zasad higieny, a także wyglądu zewnętrznego budynków szpitalnych. Przy szpitalach zaczęto otwierać ambulatoria. Służyły one ubogim, którzy otrzymywali w nich bezpłatną poradę i lekarstwa. Stan budynków szpitalnych i ich wyposażenie ulegało też poprawie. Gdy niektóre z nich nie nadawały się do użytkowania, wówczas budowano nowe lub adaptowano inne pomieszczenia. Po ogłoszeniu nowej ustawy o organizacji i zarządzaniu szpitalami w 1842 r. miały one służyć wyłącznie chorym. W każdym z nich wyznaczono niezbędny personel lekarski – lekarza naczelnego, lekarzy i felczerów. W latach 1815–1867 w Warszawie funkcjonowało 14 szpitali: św. Marcina, św. Ducha, św. Łazarza, Najświętszej Marii Panny, św. Krzyża, Bonifratrów, gminy Ewangelickiej, Dom Podrzutków Baudouina (później Dzieciątka Jezus), Starozakonnych (żydowski), Główny Wojskowy, św. Kazimierza, św. Rocha, Instytut Położniczy, Instytut Oftalmiczny. Większość z nich przetrwała do 1944 r., część została zniszczona, inne zaś zostały wchłonięte przez nowe placówki szpitalne utworzone po 1945 r. Do chwili obecnej przetrwał jedynie Szpital Dzieciątka Jezus.

Szpitale warszawskie w świetle akt Komisji Województwa Mazowieckiego z lat 1815–1867

100%

Osiecka M.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

2017

issue 24

207-221

Warsaw hospitals were mostly established in 14th and 15th century. Initially, they played the role of shelters for the elderly, disabled and orphans. Their function changed only in 19th century. They have become therapeutic facilities, accepting the sick, although some of them have retained the shelter function. In the fi rst years of the Kingdom of Poland (after 1815), they were subordinated to the Mazowieckie Voivodship Commission, after that to General Supervisory Council and since the 1830s - to General Care Council. The main source of revenue for the hospitals were foundations or donations, as well as alms, city subventions, last wills of individuals, fundraisers and funds from rental of apartments located in houses owned by hospitals. The doctors initially worked free of charge. Some of them were professors of the Medical Faculty of Warsaw University. Level of medical care was not satisfactory. Patients with contagious diseases were not separated from the others, the patients were sharing beds, there were no bathrooms or ventilation. Daily fee for hospital stay was 15 kopeks. The sick were accepted not only from Warsaw, but also from neighbouring areas, and even further away locations (Cracow, Gniezno, Lviv). Hospital stay was usually long - two weeks at the very shortest, three quarters more often than not. Patients with bone fractures were kept hospitalized for a very long time. Mortality in hospitals was on the level of 25% of patients accepted in a year. Every year, gradual but signifi cant changes were introduced in the system of care for the sick, organization of hospitals, principles of hygiene, as well as appearance of hospital buildings. Hospital adjacent clinics were established. Those served the poor, who received free of charge care and drugs. Condition of hospital buildings and their furnishings were improving as well. If some were no longer fi t for use, new buildings were built or other premises were adapted. After promulgation of a new Act on hospitals organization and management in 1842, hospitals were to serve exclusively the sick. For each, necessary medical personnel was appointed - head physician, physicians and feldshers. In 1815–1867 there were 14 hospitals in Warsaw: St. Martin, Holy Spirit, St. Lazarus, Holy Virgin Mary, Holy Cross, Hospitallers of St John, Evangelical, Baudouin House of Orphans (subsequently Child Jesus), Jewish, Central Military Hospital, St. Casimir, St. Roch, Obstetrics Institute, Ophthalmological Institute. Most of them survived until 1944; some were destroyed, others were incorporated into new hospitals created after 1945. The only hospital from that period surviving to this day is the Hospital of Child Jesus.

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2 Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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Szpitale warszawskie w świetle akt Komisji Województwa Mazowieckiego z lat 1815–1867

Szpitale warszawskie w świetle akt Komisji Województwa Mazowieckiego z lat 1815–1867