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Nurt SVD
|
2018
|
issue 2
311-326
PL
Pszenica dla ludów Bliskiego Wschodu miała istotne znaczenie zarówno w gospodarce, jak i w sferze religijnej, ale to chrześcijaństwo wyniosło ją na pierwsze miejsce w świecie roślin. W artykule została podjęta próba zrozumienia znaczenia i symboliki pszenicy w konsekracji Eucharystii, bowiem bez pszenicy Msza Święta staje się nieważna. W pierwszej części autorka usiłowała odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jaki chleb został użyty w trakcie Ostatniej Wieczerzy. W drugiej części przedstawiona została refleksja wczesnochrześcijańskich pisarzy na temat pszenicy i Eucharystii. Trzecia część ukazuje symboliczne znaczenie pszenicy w sztuce i pieśniach kościelnych, ostatnia zaś prezentuje pszenicę w kanonicznych normach prawnych. Podjęta także została kwestia użycia innej materii w sprawowaniu Eucharystii.
EN
Peoples of the Near East greatly valuded wheat in their daily economy and religious beliefs. Christianity accorded it the very top place among plants. The author of this essay penetrates deep into the meaning and symbolism of wheat in the consecration rite at the Eucharist. For without it, the whole thing is quite simply invalid. In the first part of her paper, the author attempts to identify the exact kind of bread used at the Last Supper. She then discusses a number of reflections from the earliest Christian writers on wheat and Eucharist, following it with a survey of direct allusions to it in Christian art and church hymns. She concludes her research with an overview of references to wheat in canon law and the problem of the use of other matter in the Eucharist.
PL
Obserwowany wzrost zmienności cen na światowych rynkach rolnych powoduje coraz większą ekspozycję na ryzyko cenowe wpływając na możliwość niezrealizowania pożądanego poziomu wartości funkcji celu podmiotów rynkowych. Celem opracowania była ocena zmienności cen pszenicy w wybranych krajach UE jako podstawy szacowania ryzyka cenowego. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na występowanie różnic w zmienności, przy czym w znacznej części są one pochodną agregacji danych. Brak normalności rozkładów zmian stóp zwrotu cen wskazuje na duże prawdopodobieństwo pojawiania się obserwacji odstających. Zmienność cen pszenicy ma charakter warunkowy, co implikuje konieczność stosowania odpowiednich miar szacunków zmienności.
EN
Observed increased volatility of world commodity prices causes an increase of risk exposure. Thus market participants can not achieve the desired value of their goal function. The aim of this research was an assessment of wheat prices volatility in selected EU member states. Results of the analysis indicate a dispersion of volatility among the analyzed countries which is to some extent caused by the data aggregation effect. Lack of normality of log returns of the price series indicates a high possibility of outliers’ existence. Volatility of wheat prices is conditional which implies a need of using special risk measures.
PL
Celem pracy jest zbadanie możliwości wygenerowania i wykorzystania modeli neuronowych w predykcji najniższej oraz najwyższej dziennej ceny pszenicy konsumpcyjnej na rynku Forex. Dokonano analizy parametrów wejściowych i przygotowano zbiory uczące sieci neuronowych, tak by możliwe było wygenerowanie modeli neuronowych. Po wygenerowaniu sztucznych sieci neuronowych przeprowadzono analizę wrażliwości, a także przebudowano zbiór uczący, poszerzając go jednocześnie o dane niezbędne do prawidłowego prognozowania ceny.
EN
The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of generating and using neural models for predicting the lowest and highest daily rates of consumption wheat in the Forex market. Input parameters and prepared learning sets of neural network are analysed with a view to generating neural models. After the artificial neural networks were generated, a sensitivity analysis was done and the learning set rebuilt. The set data required to properly forecast prices were added to the new training.
EN
The goal of the present discussion is to determine what kind of bread Clement of Alexandria had in mind, when, in his Paedagogus, castigated some of Alexandria inhabitants for the consumption of a kind produced form excessively purified (by sieving) flour (which due to the process was becoming devoid of any nutritional values), which, as an item of luxury, would ultimately lead its consu­mers to effeminacy. In order to identify the food and link it to the varieties produced in those times, the authors of the study have analyzed select treatises of Galen, who, being a con­temporary of Clemens, is acclaimed to have been the most eminent physician of the period between the IInd and the IIIrd centuries after Christ, and an authority in the area of bread nutritional values. Having outlined the scope of Clement’s activities and knowledge as well as having presented the corpus of data in the line left by Galen, the authors of the present study conclude, that the Christian wrote about a kind of bread baked with a generous amount of leaven (since it was the additive that made the dough rise), and consequently they identify the variety artos zymites. As for the technology of baking, they opine that the bread described by the Christin writer belonged to bread types obtained from kribanon or ipnos. The authors also opine that the crucial piece of information given by Clement allowing to identify the variety is the one concerning flour used for the purpose. They claim that, since it was presented as very well-sieved, contributing to the whiteness of the bread and consequently to its classification as luxurious, the choice is limited to two kinds of the food, namely artos katharos or plytos artos. Out of the two only the latter’s characteristics given by Galen matche Clement’s description of the bread as a foodstuff of low nu­tritional value. Consequently, the authors of the article conclude that it was plytos artos that was the bread variety alluded to in Paedagogus. Moreover, they come to the opinion that the discussion on bread show that Clement’s words included in Paedagogus show consistency with contempo­rary dietetic doctrines. Accordingly, the latter were either not absent from the Christian’s general knowledge or constructed on popular lore he shared.
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