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EN
The starting point for these deliberations are the following four assumptions: (i) ‘environment’ is understood here as the entire universe, together with the natural environment, constituting a common good of the mankind (ii) the man himself and his activity are believed to have the greatest significance for the environment and the nature as well as the man himself and, consequently, (iii) the environmental problems must be considered not only on the micro scale (i.e. locally) but also on the macro scale (i.e. regionally, or even globally) and thus, in practice (iv), in order to facilitate effective realisation of environmental goals using legal instruments, one must first establish a certain axiological base that may be used to form an adequate legal system. In view of this, the rule of ‘sustainable development’ set forth in the final Declaration of the United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro proved to be the paradigm for all contemporary environmental policies and related legal solutions in the field of environment protection on a global scale and in international law. The implementation of the rule of sustainable development can be achieved through a set of various legal instruments but its practical application each time requires using a certain ‘algorithm’ that enables precise presentation of any consequences, in particular those dangerous to the environment, that may be caused by a given human activity. However, harmonic realisation of goals (ecological, economic and social) that are competing and yet complementary, requires development of a special ethos that will respect the requirements of so-called multi-generation ecological ethics.
PL
Punkt wyjścia niniejszych rozważań stanowią cztery założenia, a mianowicie: 1) ‘środowisko’ rozumiane jako pewne uniwersum, a więc cały wszechświat razem z przyrodą, stanowiący wspólne dobro ogółu ludzi; 2) równocześnie sam człowiek i jego działalność mają największe znaczenie dla środowiska i przyrody oraz dla człowieka; 3) dlatego problemy środowiska muszą być rozpatrywane nie tylko w mikroskali (tzn. w skali lokalnej), lecz także w makroskali (tzn. w skali regionalnej względnie globalnej); 4) w praktyce oznacza to, że w celu umożliwienia efektywnej realizacji celów środowiskowych przy wykorzystaniu instrumentów prawnych musi zostać ustalona naprzód określona baza aksjologiczna, na której można się oprzeć w celu sformułowania lub wywiedzenia z niej odpowiedniego systemu rozwiązań prawnych. W tej sytuacji przyjęta w Deklaracji końcowej Konferencji Narodów Zjednoczonych na rzecz Środowiska i Rozwoju (UNCED) w 1992 r. w Rio de Janeiro zasada sustainable development okazała się paradygmatem współczesnej polityki środowiskowej oraz towarzyszących jej rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie problematyki ochrony środowiska w skali globalnej i w prawie międzynarodowym. Urzeczywistnieniu podstawowej zasady sustainable development służy wprawdzie cały szereg instrumentów prawnych, ich praktyczne wykorzystanie wymaga jednak w każdym wypadku posłużenia się stosownym ‘algorytmem’, który umożliwi dokładne ukazanie wszelkich konsekwencji, w tym w szczególności zagrożeń dla środowiska, jakie powodować może określona aktywność ludzka. Przy czym harmonijna realizacja konkurujących i zarazem wzajemnie komplementarnych celów (ekologicznego, ekonomicznego i socjalnego), wymaga ukształtowania szczególnego etosu respektującego wymagania tzw. międzypokoleniowej etyki ekologicznej.
EN
The aim of the article is to define the concept of economic freedom, using the ideas of the most important representatives of this doctrine. The article refers to the chronology and development of the concept of economic freedom, as well as the evolution of the policy of economic freedom along with the specification of the legal foundations determining the status of economic freedom over the centuries. The author refers only to the most important concepts for the issue in question, focusing on: (1) issues related to economic law and economic freedom or (2) aspects relevant to it in a given period. The initial thesis of the research is that economic freedom policy is a dynamic area, as evidenced by the multitude of legal acts implemented or amended every few years. Where specific legal phenomena are studied and need to be qualified at the same time, reference has been made primarily to the existing stock of well-known institutions. Economic freedom is a topic that has been the subject of lively discussion for many years. At its core, at various times, there were difficulties in determining (defining) economic freedom and its position in a given state. The political transformations lasting hundreds of years have caused economic changes in the state, accompanied by legal problems. The issue of economic freedom is related to the formation of relations between various entities operating on the territory of the state, and especially to how the state as an institution relates to entrepreneurs. Economic freedom has a significant impact on modern states, often leading to a change in their organizational model. For this reason, questions arise: What is economic freedom? What was its evolution? What is the attitude of the state to economic freedom? To what extent is economic freedom de facto “freedom” and what does it mean?
EN
This article will refers to sociological and legal aspects of economic activity in Poland. The doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, typically administrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisions of law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the whole country. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
EN
The article reflects on the issue of the research method in public economic law.     In the first part, the concept of science is explained, which can be understood as     a process consisting in the systematised pursuit of knowledge of the truth for idealistic or utilitarian purposes. The starting point is K. Jaspers’ definition, according to which the concept of science contains three elements: methodical cognition (1), certainty of knowledge (2), universal validity (3). Each of the elements indicated    is then considered. Methodical cognition is to be distinguished from thought. The former is cognition of reality presupposing an awareness of the research method and its limitations. The latter is driven by intuition. The use of the method should be strongly linked to the research objective. The author then refers to the second defining element: certainty in the science of law. In his view, certainty is sought    in answers to questions about the content of the law in force. Secondly, certainty   is sought in the criteria evaluating the law and the results of this evaluation. The third element, i.e. universal validity, is related to the generally accepted methods of interpretation and the fundaments of law lying in human rights and the human dignity that is their source. The second part of the paper focuses on defining the research objective and  the adequacy of the method, referring to the dogmatic, historical and comparative methods that should aim at determination the law in force and its evaluation. In the third part of the article, a proposal for a research method in public economic law is presented, which consists of three elements: presenting the context of the research objective, applying the dogmatic method, and evaluating the law in force. In the last part, attention is drawn to the need for uprightness of life, and therefore ethos, as a condition for the ability to recognize what is just.
Prawo
|
2016
|
issue 320
57-70
EN
The evolution of administrative economic law into public economic law should cause extension of the scope of this section of law, corresponding to its name containing two determinants. However, the scope of public economic law presented in contemporary Polish comprehensive manuals of public economic law does not contain any references to economic criminal law, which is undoubtedly a section of law situated within the confines of public law. In order to determine the meaning of the determinant “public” in the name “public economic law” two models were proposed. In a “shaping” model the determinant “public”, together with the determinant “economic”, defines the scope of public economic law. Only accepting the view on economic law as an independent branch of law and — consequently — the view on public economic law as a divisive factor of the economic law as an independent branch of law allows to justify an omission of economic criminal law provisions which should be included into criminal law. Regarding economic law as an independent branch of law does not entitle one to include such provisions into it if they are classified as a part of another independent branch of law — in this case: criminal law. Another model is a “descriptive” one, in which the determinant “public” does not define the scope of public economic law — the scope is determined by the definition of public economic law. The only role of the determinant “public” is to describe a category of provisions that are included in public economic law. The model, however, does not justify the omission of economic criminal law provisions in the manuals because of a broad shape of the definition of public economic law presented in Polish literature.
EN
The article deals with the problem of business activity from the perspective of the study of human rights and duties. Freedom of business activity, in its own primordial form, constitutes a human right read from the dignity of a human person. Its constitutional and economic significance requires detailed legal regulating and conducting organized actions by institutions of public administration. In connection with that, the way of realization of this right ought to be developed in the legal system, especially in norms of public economic law and commercial law. The author, in the first place, concentrates on issues of the axiology of freedom of business activity, as well as on the constitutional and international guarantees of its realization. In the deliberations that follow, he undertakes to discuss problems of regulation of this right in the Polish public economic law, public legal forms of limitations of business activity and selected aspects of realization of freedom of business activity in the commercial law. The last part of the article includes relevant conclusions.
EN
The basic subject of research within the article are new procedures, regulated by the provisions of public economic law, and the main purpose of the article is to determine their legal nature, with reference to the general administrative procedure. The procedures used in the sphere of the economy that regulate relations between public administration and entrepreneurs are very different. Some of them are based on the model of jurisdictional proceedings, regulated by the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Ther should also be distinguished proceedings whose main function is the implementation of specifi c public interests — these proceedings do not constitute a uniform category, and the relations between the public administration entity and the entrepreneur are regulated in different ways.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
107 - 118
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy jednego z podstawowych aktów prawnych składających się na prawo gospodarcze publiczne, jakim jest ustawa z dnia 6 marca 2018 roku Prawo przedsiębiorców. W trakcie przeprowadzonych rozważań poruszono kwestię potrzeby wprowadzenia nowej regulacji prawnej, która legła u podstaw podjętych w 2017 roku prac legislacyjnych. Ponadto autor tekstu odniósł się do katalogu wartości wskazanych przez ustawodawcę w treści preambuły i ich znaczenia dla podmiotów prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w Polsce. W konkluzji wskazano między innymi, że klarowne zestawienie zasad o podstawowym charakterze w tym elementarnym i systemowym dla całego ustawodawstwa gospodarczego akcie prawnym porządkuje oraz promuje wśród przedsiębiorców owe reguły, pogłębiając zarazem ich świadomość prawną. Dodatkowo w opinii autora uporządkowany katalog zasad podstawowych umieszczony w rozpatrywanej ustawie Prawo przedsiębiorców zwiększa czytelność ustawy dla jej adresatów, a także ułatwia dokonywanie kontroli sądowoadministracyjnej ich stosowania.
EN
This article concerns one of the basic and leading legal acts constituting public economic law — the Act of 6th March 2018 Entrepreneurs’ Law. In the course of study, the need for introducing new legal regulations underpinning the legislative work undertaken in 2017 was raised. In addition, the author of this article referred to the catalogue of values indicated by the legislator in the preamble and their significance for entities conducting business in Poland. In conclusion, among others, it was indicated that a clear statement of the basic principles of nature, including elementary and systemic ones for the whole system of economic legislation act, organizes and promotes those rules of business, at the same time deepening their legal awareness. Additionally, in the opinion of the author, the catalogue of basic principles placed in the Entrepreneurs’ Law increase the visibility of this Act for its recipients and facilitates control of administrative courts to making their application.
EN
In the article, the author defined what objectives and values the Polish law-giver is guided by in the field of regulations regarding public economic law. He referred to both the Freedom of Business Activity Act and the Entrepreneurship Law Act, as well as to the relation of the economic law with EU law and the Polish Constitution. This study also considers the possibility of ensuring equality for economic entities and freedom of economic activity.
PL
Autor w niniejszym artykule przeprowadził wywód, w którym określił, jakimi celami i wartościami kieruje się polski ustawodawca w zakresie regulacji dotyczących prawa gospodarczego publicznego. Odniósł się zarówno do ustawy o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej, jak i do ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców, a także do relacji ustawy gospodarczej z prawem unijnym i polską Konstytucją. W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto również rozważania na temat możności zapewnienia równości podmiotom gospodarczym i wolności działalności gospodarczej.
PL
W doktrynie rozróżnia się dwa rodzaje prawa gospodarczego, prawo gospodarcze publiczne, typowo administracyjne oraz prawo gospodarcze prywatne, regulujące stosunki cywilnoprawne. Oba działy prawa są ze sobą powiązane, ponieważ całościowo regulują funkcjonowanie podmiotów gospodarczych na terenie kraju. Prawo prywatne w tym zakresie reguluje stosunki majątkowe podmiotów prawa – przedsiębiorców, którym przysługuje autonomiczność w obrocie prawnym, są jego podmiotami na zasadach równorzędności. Prawo publiczne reguluje stosunek władczego podporządkowania, podporządkowania administracyjnego, sprawowanego przez państwo.
EN
The doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, typically administrative public economic law, and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisions of law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the whole country. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entrepreneurs, who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
29 - 40
PL
Zasady prawa mają kluczowe znaczenie dla każdej gałęzi prawa, także dla publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Źródłami zasad prawa dla poszczególnych gałęzi prawa są Konstytucja RP (zasady konstytucyjne) oraz ustawy szczególne, na przykład kodeksy (cywilny, postępowania administracyjnego itp.). Obecnie przyjmuje się, że publiczne prawo gospodarcze to odrębna gałąź prawa. Oprócz Konstytucji kluczowe znaczenie dla publicznego prawa gospodarczego ma ustawa z 6 marca 2018 roku Prawo przedsiębiorców. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zatem wskazanie zasad publicznego prawa gospodarczego wynikających z ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców.
EN
Principles of laws is an essential constituent of every branch of law. Sources of principles of law are the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and special law acts like codex (civil code, administrative procedure code etc.). Thus, public economic law is considered as a separate branch of Polish law. The basic law act for public economic law is the Business Law Act from the 6th March 2018. The aim of this paper is to present the principles of public economic law from the Business Law Act.
EN
The doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, economic law, typically administrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisions of law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the whole country. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. The law of business is undoubtedly part of the public economic law, regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, and relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private law. A company operating on the market must fulfill a number of statutory requirements and act in accordance with the law. It has a number of obligations for the State but also for other entities operating in the economy. As mentioned, an enterprise or an entrepreneur is obliged to fulfill the obligations imposed on them. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. To entrepreneurs. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
EN
This work endeavours to define energy policy, comprehended in our times in comparison to threats and challenges to the functioning of the energy sector within the EU internal market. Analysis of the legal of the manifestations (acts) of the national and EU energy policy, the relationships between the national energy policy focused on achieving national targets inside a member state, as well as the energy and climate policy of the EU, its interpretation and considered scenarios of a change indicate only a partial discrepancy of both policies, directions and action strategies defined in them, which are accompanied by implementation instruments. On a domestic basis the objective of the energy policy is to balance the efforts of the players in the energy market to maximise the achieved financial effect with the necessity of the stable functioning and development of energy companies, above all, manufacturers and operators of a system compliant with this policy on the one side and customers expecting low prices, reliability and stability of supplies on the other side. Development of production based on emission-free and low-emission technologies (including renewable energy sources, RES) seems to be a necessity resulting from the EU legislation. In this respect the EU energy policy and the Union political discourse explicitly present a strong commitment to the development of new manufacturing technologies, without any encouragement to restitute or develop technologies not based on RES or cogeneration. The strategic task of the state is to skilfully combine Union tendencies with the Treaty freedom of the state to define use of indigenous sources of primary energy and carefully considered support for the transformation of the national power industry.
EN
The axiological justification of legal norms is an important area of research on general legal problems. Legal norms should be embedded in values, and constitutional institutions and values constitute the basic point of reference for adopted legal regulations, setting the direction of regulation. In the research on public economic law, the method of recognition and the constitutional guarantee of the economic system are of particular importance. This approach has a direct reference to the functioning of public administration in the economy (economic administration) as a directive of its specifi c activity, defining a system of values protected by public economic law. Constitution is the source of fundamental values and legal institutions that give legal constructs a uniform meaning for the whole science of public economic law. Institutions and constitutional values order the actions of public administration in a specific sphere, which is the economy.
15
59%
EN
Economic freedom is a fundamental constitutional value. It is subject to interpretation by the judgments of the Constitutional Court as a constitutional principle and constitutional right. The purpose of this interpretation is to establish the location of economic freedom in constitutional terms of the social market economy and to determine its characteristic features (identity). Economic freedom also defines the position of the legislator who recognises entrepreneurship issues in statutory regulations, and takes into account the position of the Constitutional Court on the principles of law-making. The European Union law also plays an important role in shaping the characteristics of economic freedom. The study of public economic law should combine the constitutional recognition of economic freedom with its understanding in ordinary legislation and case law by taking into account the European perspective.
PL
Wolność gospodarcza należy do podstawowych wartości konstytucyjnych. Podlega ona interpretacji w orzeczeniach Trybunału Konstytucyjnego jako zasada konstytucyjna i konstytucyjne prawo podmiotowe. Celem tej interpretacji jest wyznaczenie miejsca wolności gospodarczej w konstytucyjnym ujęciu społecznej gospodarki rynkowej oraz ustalenie jej cech znamiennych (tożsamości). Rozumienie wolności gospodarczej wyznacza też stanowisko ustawodawcy, który w regulacjach ustawowych ujmuje zagadnienia przedsiębiorczości. Uwzględnia stanowisko Trybunału Konstytucyjnego na temat zasad stanowienia prawa. Istotne znaczenie dla charakterystyki wolności gospodarczej ma również prawo europejskie. Nauka publicznego prawa gospodarczego winna zestawić konstytucyjne ujęcie wolności gospodarczej z jego rozumieniem w ustawodawstwie zwykłym oraz orzecznictwie przez uwzględnienie także perspektywy europejskiej.
EN
The Act of 6 March 2018: Law on Entrepreneurs regulates the rules connected with undertaking and performing economic activity in a very different way than it was done pursuant to the previously binding Act of 2 July 2004 on Freedom of Economic Activity. The provisions on the procedure concerning the relations between public administration and entrepreneurs are to a large extent a new matter of public economic law. The procedural rules are included in Chapter I: General provisions and Chapter III: Settlement of matters related to economic activity. Some of the rules repeat the general principles of administrative proceedings regulated in the Code of Administrative Procedure (Article 28 of the Act and Article 7b of the Code of Administrative Procedure). In this way, the Act: Law on Entrepreneurs transfers the basic principles (values, ideas) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Article 12) to the area of public economic law. The Act also regulates a number of new rules, including those that express ideas which are included for the first time in the form of binding legal norms. A specific example is the principle of trust in the entrepreneur (Article 10[1]), which articulates a new standard in relations between public administration and the entrepreneur. The regulation of this principle strengthens procedural guarantees for entrepreneurs. Despite the fact that the rules of conduct regulated in the Law on Entrepreneurs do not constitute a coherent set, due to their universal character and the rank and place of this Act in the area of public commercial law, they may serve as a normative basis for procedural public commercial law.
PL
Ustawa z 6 marca 2018 r. Prawo przedsiębiorców (u.p.p.) normuje zasady związane z podejmowaniem i wykonywaniem działalności gospodarczej zdecydowanie inaczej, niż czyniła to poprzednio obowiązująca ustawa z 2 lipca 2004 r. o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej. Przepisy dotyczące postępowania w relacjach między administracją a przedsiębiorcami stanowią w dużej mierze nową materię publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Zasady procesowe zamieszczone są w rozdz. I: Przepisy ogólne i w rozdz. III: Załatwianie spraw z zakresu działalności gospodarczej. Niektóre z zasad powtarzają zasady ogólne postępowania administracyjnego unormowane w k.p.a. (por. art. 28 u.p.p. i art. 7b k.p.a.). W ten sposób Prawo przedsiębiorców przenosi na płaszczyznę publicznego prawa gospodarczego podstawowe zasady (wartości, idee) Konstytucji RP (np. art. 12). Ustawa ta normuje też szereg nowych zasad, w tym takie, które wyrażają idee ujęte po raz pierwszy w formę obowiązujących norm prawnych. Szczególnym przykładem jest zasada zaufania do przedsiębiorcy (art. 10 ust. 1); wyraża ona nowy standard w relacjach administracja publiczna– przedsiębiorca. Unormowanie tej zasady wzmacnia gwarancje procesowe dla przedsiębiorców. Mimo że zasady postępowania unormowane w Prawie przedsiębiorców nie stanowią spójnego zbioru, to – z uwagi na ich uniwersalny charakter oraz rangę i miejsce tej ustawy w obszarze publicznego prawa gospodarczego – mogą służyć za bazę normatywną proceduralnego publicznego prawa gospodarczego.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
221 - 231
PL
Potrzebna jest refleksja filozoficzna nad prawem gospodarczym publicznym, a w szczególności poczynienie ustaleń dotyczących wartości leżących u podstaw tej dogmatyki. Wartości należy w pierwszej kolejności odpowiednio zidentyfikować i ustalić ich źródła. Problemem jest ich stopień akceptacji przez ustawodawcę, wyrażający się w treści norm stanowionych, oraz rola i znaczenie wartości w procesie stosowania prawa. Wartości określają ład w obszarze gospodarki, wpływają na relacje między organami państwa a przedsiębiorcami oraz na sferę wykonywania działalności gospodarczej. Stanowią też niezbędną przesłankę formułowania zasad prawa. Wolność wykonywania działalności gospodarczej odpowiednio skonfigurowana z potrzebą realizacji interesu publicznego to wartości charakteryzujące i wyróżniające prawo gospodarcze publiczne.
EN
A philosophical reflection is needed on public economic law, and in particular the determination of the values underlying this dogma. The values should first be properly identified and their sources determined. The problem is their degree of acceptance by the legislator expressed in the content of statutory norms and the role and importance of values in the process of applying the law. Values determine governance in the area of the economy, affect relations between state authorities and entrepreneurs, as well as the sphere of business activity. They constitute a necessary premise for formulating the principles of law. The freedom to conduct business activity properly configured with the need to pursue the public interest are the values characterising and distinguishing public economic law.
PL
Zagadnienia związane z identyfikacją przedsiębiorców są objęte regulacją na gruncie zarówno publicznego, jak i prywatnego prawa gospodarczego. O ile jednak znaczenie regulacji prywatnoprawnych we wskazanym obszarze jest ograniczone do unormowania firmy przedsiębiorcy, o tyle domeną publicznego prawa gospodarczego są obowiązki identyfikacyjne przedsiębiorców sensu stricto, pozwalające na ustalenie ich tożsamości w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości. Są to obowiązki posługiwania się niepowtarzalnymi i niezmiennymi numerami NIP, KRS i REGON. Obowiązek posługiwania się firmą należy uznać za obowiązek identyfikacyjny sensu largo – z uwagi na brak absolutnego charakteru zasady wyłączności firmy nie zawsze pozwala on na pełną identyfikację przedsiębiorcy. Obowiązek ten stanowi odzwierciedlenie ogólnej zasady prawa nakazującej podmiotom prawa występowanie w obrocie w sposób nieanonimowy.
EN
Identification of entrepreneurs is regulated by both public economic law and private economic law. While private economic law regulation is limited to defining entrepre-neur's business name, public economic law establishes entrepreneurs' duties of identification in the strict sense. The duties of this kind, i.e. duties of using the Tax ID [NIP], the National Court Register [KRS] number and the Statistical ID [REGON], allow to determine the identity of the entrepreneurs without any doubt. The duty of using business name is a duty of identification in the broad sense. Because the principle of business name exclusivity does not have an absolute character, the business name does not always allow to fully identify the entrepreneur.
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