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EN
In the Second Republic of Poland health protection was insufficiently developed. There were very few doctors, nurses and hospitals. Only people who were insured or the wealthy had access to medical treatment. The majority of citizens, especially rural resi-dents, could not use health care. The health policy of the state was passive for many years. Changes appeared only in the mid-thirties. The aim of health policy was a public health service for all citizens. The authorities declared their support for this idea on a number of occasions and the parliament accepted the law of public health in June 1939. It was the basis for the construction of common access to healthcare in Poland. To achieve this aim, health centres were built and the compulsory medical practice for the doctors was introduced in villages. The beginning of the Second World War prevented the enforcement of this Act. However, the attempt to create a public health service made in the Second Republic of Poland was a proof of progress which has been made in state health policy.
PL
Mobbing występuje w wielu organizacjach sektora publicznego i prywatnego. Polega on na niewłaściwym postępowaniu w relacjach międzyludzkich, które przez swoją powtarzalność i systematyczność naruszają godność lub integralność psychiczną osoby. Wiąże się z miejscem pracy i naraża ofiarę na dolegliwości somatyczne, pogorszenie atmosfery w pracy, a nawet jej utratę. Interesujące jest, że występuje również w jednostkach służby zdrowia – szczególnie wrażliwych na etyczne postępowanie, gdzie oczekuje się, iż personel medyczny będzie rozumiał moralny kontekst własnych działań. Celem artykułu jest zatem identyfikacja mobbingu w publicznej służbie zdrowia, zasad jego zwalczania oraz wskazanie rekomendacji przeciwdziałania tej praktyce.
EN
Mobbing occurs in entities as well in public as in private sectors. It is expressed in wrong behavior in interpersonal relationships and – by its repeatability – violates the dignity or mental integrity of a person. It appears at the workplace and exposes the victim to somatic symptoms, affects the working environment, and may cause the job loss. It is surprising that mobbing can be met also in a health care entities which are particularly sensitive to ethical conduct and are expected to guarantee the high level of moral engagement from the medical staff. The aim of the paper is to identify the aspects of mobbing in the public health service, and to introduce recommendations of counteractions toward such practices.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został procesom kształtowania się systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce w pierwszych latach po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Jego celem jest ukazanie ewolucji, jaka się w tym czasie w tej dziedzinie polityki społecznej dokonywała. Polegała ona na przejściu od reguł ustanowionych jeszcze przed wojną i będących podstawą funkcjonowania ochrony zdrowia tuż po wyzwoleniu do systemu opartego na centralizacji, upaństwowieniu i planowaniu, wzorowanego na rozwiązaniach sowieckich i będącego w zamierzeniu jednym z nieodłącznych elementów systemu stalinowskiego w Polsce. Ramy czasowe artykułu obejmują okres od wyzwolenia części ziem polskich i przejęcia władzy przez Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego do roku 1950, gdy zakończone zostały zasadnicze przemiany w organizacji systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce. From the Second Polish Republic to the People’s Poland. The evolution of the health care system in Poland in the years 1944–1950First years after the Second World War were very difficult for the health care in Poland. The end of German occupation brought a wide range of challenges. They resulted from war damage, a significant loss of medical staff and a large scale of health risks. One of important goals of the health policy was to create the public health service available to all citizens. Initially, the restoration of the health care system was based on the model created in the interwar period. With time, along with political changes taking place in Poland, the transformation of the system began to adapt it to the centrally planned economy. The main part of this process ended in 1950. The new system was compatible with the Soviet model and was based on central and directive management which included all elements of the so-called “social health service”. The private medical practice was pushed to the margin and insurance health service was taken over by the state. The system built after the war, however, was still not widespread. Most of the rural population, which represented nearly half of the country`s population, were deprived of equal access to health care.
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