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EN
The notion of the administrative-legal relationship is the basis of the dogmatics of Polish administrative law. Over the years, the doctrinal framework of this concept has been established by the doctrine of public law. At the same time, an extremely fruitful dogmatics discussion about this concept both in German law and practice has taken place. Therefore, the article attempts to present discoveries of the German doctrine of public law in this area. The review of the German literature conducted in the article shows that, despite some disputes, the German authors currently believe that the administrative-legal relationship is a useful tool for the analysis of rights and obligations in comprehensive legal relations, as well as cooperative frameworks. Contemporary German scholars, who do not distinguish the concept of a legal situation, unlike in Poland, believe that as part of the modernization processes in administration, the concept of the administrative-legal relationship can be used to solve complex legal issues.The above-mentioned discoveries made by German scholars could act as significant inspiration for the Polish doctrine of public law, especially in the context of the draft to introduce an administrative agreement into Polish law. Of particular importance here is the fact that in Germany there is a different system of the legal forms of administration activity, of which an administrative agreement is a vital component. It is indicated in the paper that Polish scholars see the possibility of describing complex legal constructions by the notion of the administrative-legal relationship in the simultaneous or complementary use of the concept of the administrative-legal situation. One should consider whether the same or better effects cannot be achieved much more easily, namely by modifying the understanding in the doctrine of the notion of administrative-legal relationship, more appropriate to the analysis of cooperative frameworks in administra
PL
The notion of the administrative-legal relationship is the basis of the dogmatics of Polish administrative law. Over the years, the doctrinal framework of this concept has been established by the doctrine of public law. At the same time, an extremely fruitful dogmatics discussion about this concept both in German law and practice has taken place. Therefore, the article attempts to present discoveries of the German doctrine of public law in this area. The review of the German literature conducted in the article shows that, despite some disputes, the German authors currently believe that the administrative-legal relationship is a useful tool for the analysis of rights and obligations in comprehensive legal relations, as well as cooperative frameworks. Contemporary German scholars, who do not distinguish the concept of a legal situation, unlike in Poland, believe that as part of the modernization processes in administration, the concept of the administrative-legal relationship can be used to solve complex legal issues.The above-mentioned discoveries made by German scholars could act as significant inspiration for the Polish doctrine of public law, especially in the context of the draft to introduce an administrative agreement into Polish law. Of particular importance here is the fact that in Germany there is a different system of the legal forms of administration activity, of which an administrative agreement is a vital component. It is indicated in the paper that Polish scholars see the possibility of describing complex legal constructions by the notion of the administrative-legal relationship in the simultaneous or complementary use of the concept of the administrative-legal situation. One should consider whether the same or better effects cannot be achieved much more easily, namely by modifying the understanding in the doctrine of the notion of administrative-legal relationship, more appropriate to the analysis of cooperative frameworks in administration.
EN
Subjects of rights originating from inherent human rights are among the subjects of public subjective rights. A deliberation on the matter of natural persons and legal persons, perceived as subjects of these rights, makes it possible to determine a number of questionable issues, which are surely reflected in the materialisation of these public subjective rights in legal practice. The subject matter is very complex, if only on account of the necessity to make use of the results of the linguistic interpretation of the notion of citizen. This is vital even though a legal definition of citizen exists. The intricate nature of the problem in question is also a consequence of the need to make a distinction in the area of the possibility to grant public subjective rights originating from inherent human rights to citizens, non-citizens under the jurisdiction of the Polish state, and non-citizens outside the jurisdiction of the Polish state. Another highly problematic aspect is the possibility to apply an analogy in the field of assignment of subjective public rights originating from inherent human rights to legal persons. Since the very application of analogies in this domain is controversial, it seems reasonable to stress the lack of possibility to consider legal persons as subjects of public subjective rights originating from inherent human rights such as life or health.
PL
Wśród podmiotów publicznych praw podmiotowych, należy wyróżnić podmioty publicznych praw podmiotowych mających swe źródło w przyrodzonych prawach człowieka. Przeprowadzenie rozważań w zakresie osób fizycznych i osób prawnych postrzeganych jako podmioty tych praw pozwala na określenie licznych spornych kwestii, które bez wątpienia znajdą swe odbicie w realizacji tych publicznych praw podmiotowych w praktyce prawniczej. Zagadnienie to ma złożona naturę, z uwagi na np. konieczność posiłkowania się wynikami wykładni językowej pojęcia „obywatel”. Jest to konieczne mimo istnienia definicji legalnej obywatela. Skomplikowany charakter analizowanej tematyki jest również konsekwencją konieczności rozróżniania w zakresie możliwości przypisywania publicznych praw podmiotowych, których źródłem są przyrodzone prawa człowieka, obywatelom, nie-obywatelom pozostającym pod jurysdykcją państwa polskiego i nie-obywatelom niepozostającym pod jurysdykcją państwa polskiego. Kwestią również dalece problematyczną jest możliwość stosowania analogi w zakresie przypisywania publicznych praw podmiotowych, których źródłem są przyrodzone prawa człowieka osobom prawnym. Widząc samą sporność stosowania w tym zakresie analogi, należy wskazać na oczywisty brak możliwości określania osób prawnych jako podmiotów publicznych praw podmiotowych, które mają swe źródło w takich przyrodzonych prawach człowieka, jak np. życie czy zdrowie.
PL
Glosowana uchwała istotnie oddziałuje na katalog prawnych środków ochrony środowiska. Jako, że osobisty i zbiorowy wymiar ochrony środowiska nie pozostają w sprzeczności, a związane z nimi interesy prywatne i interes publiczny opierają się na wspólnej wartości jaką jest środowisko, dochodzenie ochrony praw jednostki zagrożonych lub naruszonych w wyniku oddziaływania na środowisko mogą stanowić istotny środek pośredniej ochrony prawnej środowiska i jego zasobów, konkurencyjnej względem środków o charakterze bezpośrednim, podejmowanych w interesie publicznym. Wskazana w uzasadnieniu uchwały argumentacja Sądu Najwyższego rodzi jednak pewne wątpliwości i może mieć istotne konsekwencje dla sposobu wykładni przepisów systemu prawa ochrony środowiska.
EN
The glossed resolution has a significant impact on the catalogue of legal measures for environmental protection. Since the personal and collective dimensions of environmental protection are not in conflict, and the related private and public interests are based on a common value as the environment, seeking protection of individual rights threatened or violated as a result of environmental impact may constitute an important means of indirect legal protection of the environment and its resources, competitive to direct measures taken in the public interest. However, the reasoning of the Supreme Court indicated in the justification of the resolution raises certain doubts and may have significant consequences for the manner of interpretation of the provisions of the environmental protection law system.
EN
The paper deals with hybrid administrative acts. It focuses not only on measures of general nature, but also on administrative decisions and secondary legislation, if they fulfil conceptual features of hybrid administrative acts with respect to their contents. Firstly, it deals with doctrinal bases of the hybrid administrative acts. Subsequently, the paper deals with the presence of the conceptual features of hybrid administrative acts within mentioned legal forms, and also with the process (corresponding to the legal forms) leading to issuance of these acts and with legal means of protection against them provided by legal order. The contribution also deals with the question whether, if hybrid administrative acts are not issued and reviewed as measures of general nature, are these acts regulated in fundamentally different ways, which impacts the level of protection of public subjective rights of their addressees.
CS
Příspěvek se zabývá smíšenými správními akty.Pozornost přitom není soustředěna jen na institut opatření obecné povahy, ale rovněž na správní rozhodnutí a podzákonné právní předpisy, pokud z hlediska svého obsahu naplňují pojmové znaky smíšených správních aktů. Pozornost je nejprve věnována doktrinálním východiskům smíšených správních aktů.Následně se příspěvek zabývá výskytem pojmových znaků smíšených správních aktů v uvedených právních formách a rovněž způsoby (korespondujícími s příslušnými právními formami), jakými jsou tyto akty vydávány, a právními prostředky ochrany, jaké proti nim poskytuje právní řád. Příspěvek se zabývá také problematikou, kdy nejsou smíšené správní akty vydávány a přezkoumávány jako opatření obecné povahy a tyto akty jsou upraveny podstatně odlišnými způsoby, což má vliv na úroveň ochrany veřejných subjektivních práv jejich adresátů.
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