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Rewards and punishments as educational infl uences of parents of gifted children

100%
Łukasiewicz-Wieleba J.
Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze
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2018
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vol. 575(10)
25-38
EN
Rewards and punishments are an integral element of upbringing in a family. They shape attitudes educatively desirable and limit those undesirable. The presented article shows what kind of role rewards and punishments play in upbringing gifted children. On the basis of the narrative of parents recognizing their children as gifted, an analysis of parents’ educational strategies related to rewarding and punishment has been made. The results of the research have shown that parents of gifted children most often use rewards and punishments in domestic situations when they want to shape a specific attitude, achieve a specific effect in action or appreciate the efforts and achievements of children. It has turned out that parents do not use punishments to strengthen the development of children’s abilities. Rewards, especially praise and approval, are used when a parent feels proud of the effort or successes of his/her child.
2
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Súdna a disciplinárna prax v Ukrajinskej povstaleckej armáde (1943 – 1947)

75%
Antoniuk J., Iľnycʼkyj V.
Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 1
136-142
EN
The article analyzes the functioning principles of judicial and disciplinary practice in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). It was discovered that the practice started in the summer of 1943 in Volyn and Western Polissya. At the end of that same year, the insurgent judicial system spread to Galicia as well as the neighboring territories of eastern Poland and Slovakia. It was proven that the main judicial and disciplinary bodies in the UPA units were the «Field Courts». At the commander’s initiative, they convened for every sotnia. The verdicts were passed on the basis of the «Disciplinary Statute», which was used in conditions of the special period of armed liberation struggle. The crimes in it were divided into light and serious. The accused were executed for the latter ones. The verdict was approved by the commander of the relevant insurgent unit. The light offenses were mostly dealt with by the «Cossack courts». They were convened by the commanders of the insurgent units in the case of: drunkenness, non-compliance with the order without serious consequences, minor thefts. The sentences were: sending to «punitive divisions», «punitive arrest», «beating with sticks» in front of the rank, «rack under a gun» or «falling on the ground» on command. In the event the crime was repetitive, the punishment was intensified.
3
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Stolen wealth, perpetrators and punishments in Moldova (17th century – early 18th century)

71%
Chelcu C.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2019
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vol. 26
105-129
PL
Rabunek majątku, przestępcy i kary w Mołdawii (XVII w. – wczesny wiek XVIII) Dla omawianego przez nas wieku nie tworzono żadnych właściwych wykazów bezprawnie przywłaszczonych dóbr. W niektórych przypadkach są one jedynie wspomniane lub wylistowane według rozmiaru szkody. Istnieją też źródła dokumentalne, które obiektom kradzieży poświęcają mniej uwagi, a system sprawiedliwości skupia się w tych przypadkach raczej na przestępcach i ich czynach. Dlatego też często przywołuje się tzw. okup krwi „płacony w określonym celu” i nie podaje się szczegółów spraw. Dokumenty te są zażaleniami adresowanymi przez ofiarę do księcia lub jego urzędników, są też pisane przez przestępców przyznających się do winy, lub też są to dokumenty wystawione przez władze sądownicze i poprzedzają one dochodzenie w sprawie kryminalnej. Rozważając kradzież części mienia tj. z całości dostępnych dóbr, naszym celem jest wyjaśnienie pewnych aspektów odnoszących się do rzeczywistości, którą historyk powinien zrekonstruować wraz z całą złożonością zmian tej rzeczywistości: motywami kradzieży i jej okolicznościami, typami kradzieży, związanymi z nią kategoriami społecznymi, czasem i przestrzenią występku, karą dla sprawcy. Rekapitulując, przedstawione w artykule badanie ogniskuje się na początkach tworzenia pisemnej historii dotyczącej nagannych aktów podlegających karze za kradzież i rozbój w XVII i w początkach XVIII wieku w Mołdawii
EN
For the historical period we refer to, no proper inventories have been made containing the unjustly appropriated goods. They are just mentioned as such or listed, if that was the case, according to the size of the damage. There are also documentary sources in which the object of the theft is less represented, the justice system focusing in those cases rather on the wrongdoers, than on the wrong actions. That is why, the blood money “paid for some reason”, with no other specific details, is quite frequently cited. Rare or frequent, these documents are complaints addressed by the victim to the Prince and his officials, documents in which the perpetrators admitted their fault, or deeds issued by the judicial authority subsequent to the investigation of the criminal act. In discussing the theft of/from the wealth, i.e. from the whole amount of the available goods, we are interested in clarifying some aspects pertaining to a reality that the historian should reconstruct, with all the complexity of its evolution: the motivations of the theft and its circumstances, the types of theft, the social categories involved, the time and space of the misdemeanour, the perpetrators’ punishment. Briefly, the study is about starting to write a history of the reprehensible acts liable to punishments for theft and robbery in 17th and early 18th century Moldavia.
4
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Wykroczenia dyscyplinarne uczniów rządowych szkół średnich przeciw obowiązującym przepisom jako przedmiot rozważań Rady Wychowania Publicznego w latach 1845–1850

51%
Massalski A.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
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2020
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vol. 57
131-150
EN
In the minutes of the meetings of the Public Education Council, referred to as the ‘supreme school authority in the Kingdom of Poland’ of the interuprising period, a lot of space between 1845 and 1850 was devoted to the matters of male secondary school students of the Warsaw Academic District. Among many decisions taken in this regard were also the issues of disciplinary penalties students received at that time. The punished can be divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 42 students, including those who, for patriotic reasons, escaped from schools and went abroad, probably to take part in the 1846 Kraków Uprising and the Spring of Nations afterwards. They were all expelled without the right to resume education. The second group consisted of 33 students who violated school discipline or committed criminal offences. Most often, they were punished with expulsion as well as flogging, a practice allowed by the law of the time. The information contained in the article complements the knowledge about secondary school students in academic circulation.
5

Ród Wierzbnów herbu Jastrzębiec w średniowiecznych księgach sądowych

38%
Kruszewski T.
Prawo
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2017
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issue 324
89-113
EN
The author presents the chivalric family of Wierzbna of the Jastrzębiec coat of arms, drawing on the surviving medieval court registers. The available court registers from the 14th and 15th centuries make it possible to imagine the functioning of medieval chivalry in legal terms. The picture presented by the author fully corresponds generalisations, to the available information about other chivalric families, an assertion backed by over 700 pages of the author’s analyses of similar cases in courts of the provinces of Małopolska, Wielkopolska or Kujawy and Łęczyca. The court registers from Małopolska include a variety of judgements in property, personal or criminal matters. We find here disputes over estate division, debt settlement, seeking justice after assaults, scuffles or murders. There are many cases concerning debt, some involving Jewish bankers, problems with guarantees etc. The cases involve entire families, sons sue their fathers and there are also cases involving women, who became legitimate parties in legal relations and who pursued their claims to e.g. dowry and bridewealth. This affected particularly Tomek of Karwin, who had six daughters of marriageable age and no male heir, as a result of which his estates passed to the House of Masłowski of the Wieniawa coat of arms.
DE
Der Verfasser stellt die von ihm gewählte ritterliche Familie Wierzbna, des Wappens Jarzębiec auf Grund der erhaltenen mittelalterlichen Gerichtsakten dar. Die Gerichtsbücher aus dem 14. und 15. Jahrhundert erlauben, sich ein Bild davon zu machen, wie das mittelalterliche Rittertum im Rechtsverkehr funktionierte. Die analysierten Quellen bringen Informationen, die auch andere ritterliche Familien betreffen. Diese Feststellung war nach mehr als 700 Seiten von Analysen ähnlicher Entscheidungen der Gerichte Kleinpolens, Großpolens oder von Kujawien--Lentschütz möglich. In den Gerichtsbüchern Kleinpolens befinden sich zahlreiche Entscheidungen in Vermögens-, Personen- und Strafsachen. Sie sprechen über Streitigkeiten betreffend Vermögensteilung, Schuldenabrechnung, Suche nach Gerechtigkeit nach Überfällen, Schlägereien oder nach Todschlag. Es treten jüdische Bankiersleute oder Probleme mit Bürgschaften auf. Vor Gericht gehen ganze Familien, Söhne beklagen die Väter, oft sehen wir Frauen, manchmal auch selbständig, als Parteien in Gerichtssachen, die ihre Rechte z. B. auf Mitgift und Brautpreis geltend machen. Insbesondere war dadurch ein gewisser Tomek aus Karwin betroffen, der sechs Töchter zu verheiraten und keinen männlichen Erben hatte. Infolge dessen gingen seine Güter auf die Familie Masłowski des Wappens Wieniawa über.
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