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EN
The article presents trends that will determine contemporary challenges and threats to state security. With the development of descriptive works and explanations of non-military security, ecology is becoming a more and more frequently described issue. As regards the limitation of ecological safety, climate change is indicated as one of the key security megatrends in the 21st century. In the article the term determining ecological safety presents the challenges that must be acknowledged and faced in order to effectively create safety.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego. Cel postawiony przez autora realizowany jest poprzez analizę historyczną dokumentów i raportów zogniskowanych wokół problematyki ekologii. Ważnym zjawiskiem jest rozwój prac opisujących i objaśniających bezpieczeństwo pozamilitarne. W powyższych publikacjach ekologia staje się coraz częściej opisywanym zagadnieniem i wpływa na właściwą – szerszą – optykę na sprawy bezpieczeństwa. O wpływie bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego świadczy fakt, iż zmiany klimatyczne są wskazywane jako jeden z kluczowych megatrendów bezpieczeństwa w XXI wieku. W artykule opisano determinanty bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego, ukazano wyzwania, które należy dostrzec i którym trzeba sprostać, aby skutecznie kreować bezpieczeństwo na wielu poziomach.
EN
One of the best examples of environmental risk arising as a result of inefficient management of environmental resources is the disappearance of the Aral Sea. Aral Sea extends into the territories of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. About 10 thousand years ago, this vast body of water was under the influence of water from melting mountain glaciers, flowing directly into the Aral Basin. However, the climate change which started about 3500 years ago contributed to the drying process of the tank. This process became stronger in character at the beginning of the 1960s, when due to the planned economy of the USSR, it was decided to develop large-scale cultivation of cotton in areas too dry to be suitable for such crops. Therefore, the water from the rivers Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya, flowing into the Aral Sea, was directed to irrigation, without worrying about the ecological balance. Consequently, this led to irreversible environmental changes. The Aral Sea Area decreased by 40% and its volume decreased by two-thirds. Water level dropped about 13 feet and is still falling. Historically, the reservoir was fed by more than 60 km3 of water per year; currently it is only about 5 km3. There were years when the lake received virtually no water as a result of these processes. In 1988 a division of the lake into two parts was carried out: the Big Aral Sea in the south and the Small Aral Sea in the north. The salinity of water remaining in the basin has increased roughly three fold ,which has disastrous consequences for the world’s flora and fauna. The Aral Sea region’s economy disappeared completely, e.g. the fisheries and associated processing industries, a sin water with such high salt content no organisms are able to survive. As the lake shrank and large parts of it are now dry, when strong winds blow across the land, they carry huge amounts of tiny particles of salt remaining after the water has evaporated. It has been calculated that in the year after such a dust storm around 75 million tonnes of sand mixed with salt was spread. The toxic dust destroys settlings, fields, and plants, and it is difficult to find a way to counteract this process.
EN
This paper aims at assessing the challenges for sustainable forest management in China. The Communist government is going to improve the essential ecosystem by restoring severely degraded forests. It wants to enhance the biodiversity of natural systems as well as prevent, control and reverse desertification. It defines actions that could be taken to prevent deforestation and land degradation. The forest policy focuses on environmental protection and emphasizes the ecological and socio-economic functions of forests resources. It mainly underlines their protective and regulatory functions to sequester carbon by capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Currently, China has to primarily improve the implementation and enforcement of existing laws and regulations at the local level as well as raise environmental awareness of Chinese community.
PL
Głównym celem opracowania jest zdefiniowanie wyzwań dla zrównoważonej gospodarki leśnej w Chinach. Komunistyczny rząd dąży do przywracania podstawowych funkcji ekosystemu poprzez sadzenie drzew. Dąży do zwiększenia różnorodności biologicznej i odwrócenia procesu pustynnienia. Określa działania, które mogą być podjęte w celu zapobiegania wylesianiu i degradacji gruntów. Polityka leśna skupia się na ochronie środowiska jak również podkreśleniu ekologiczno-przyrodniczych, społecznych i gospodarczych funkcji leśnych ekostemów. Drzewa spełniają funkcję ochronne pochłaniając i neutralizując substancje toksyczne, tj. dwutlenek węgla w procesie fotosyntezy. Obecnie przed Chinami stoi konieczność poprawy skuteczności w zakresie wdrażania i egzekwowania prawa ochrony środowiska na szczeblu lokalnym, jak i kwestia systematycznego podnoszenia świadomości ekologicznej wśród obywateli Państwa Środka.
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