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EN
The paper addresses one element of Chekhov’s play entitled The Cherry Orchard: a note in which the word “silently” is repeated twice. It is proved that the semantics of the character in Chekhov’s plays can be formed on the basis of confrontation words and events.
EN
The text compares Mickiewicz’s and Norwid’s views of silence. The author states unambiguously that Mickiewicz pointed to and emphasized negative aspects of this phenomenon. Maybe it was so because his mission had a prophetic character. A prophet is one who speaks for somebody else, in somebody else’s name. And Mickiewicz was, after all, a leader of the pilgrimage movement, posing (for example in Ksie˛gi narodu – Books of the Nation) as a prophet. He was strongly convinced that he has to realize God’s order expressed by Isaiah: “Shout it aloud, do not hold back. Raise your voice like a trumpet” (Isa 58), which is reflected for example in Ghost’s words in Forefathers’ Eve: “albeit I can remain silent, / I spoke furiously”. In contrast with Mickiewicz, Norwid values silence. He is convinced that it can be “meaningful”, that it can express anything. His view of it is broader than that of the author of Pan Tadeusz. The author of Vade-mecum is sure that in silence one can notice a certain deep system and meaning. He presents the issue both in a positive and negative way; he defines the essence of silence that, in his opinion can become speech or acting. In relation to speech silence can be: an equivalent means of expression, a part of speech, or something more than speech, a kind of “over-speech”. Silence in a negative meaning is non-communicativeness of speech, and hence he formulates an apparently paradoxical statement that speech can be silence. Antinomies of Mickiewicz’s and Norwid’s attitudes are clearly seen. Norwid remains faithful to Montesquieu, whose view of silence he quotes, and to Pythagoras, promoting the principle “remain silent until you find that what you will say has more value than silence”.
EN
The text compares Mickiewicz's and Norwid's views of silence. The author states unambiguously that Mickiewicz pointed to and emphasized negative aspects of this phenomenon. Maybe it was so because his mission had a prophetic character. A prophet is one who speaks for somebody else, in somebody else's name. And Mickiewicz was, after all, a leader of the pilgrimage movement, posing (for example in Księgi narodu – Books of the Nation) as a prophet. He was strongly convinced that he has to realize God's order expressed by Isaiah: “Shout it aloud, do not hold back. Raise your voice like a trumpet” (Isa 58), which is reflected for example in Ghost's words in Forefathers' Eve: “albeit I can remain silent, / I spoke furiously”. In contrast with Mickiewicz, Norwid values silence. He is convinced that it can be “meaningful”, that it can express anything. His view of it is broader than that of the author of Pan Tadeusz. The author of Vade-mecum is sure that in silence one can notice a certain deep system and meaning. He presents the issue both in a positive and negative way; he defines the essence of silence that, in his opinion can become speech or acting. In relation to speech silence can be: an equivalent means of expression, a part of speech, or something more than speech, a kind of “over-speech”. Silence in a negative meaning is non-communicativeness of speech, and hence he formulates an apparently paradoxical statement that speech can be silence. Antinomies of Mickiewicz's and Norwid's attitudes are clearly seen. Norwid remains faithful to Montesquieu, whose view of silence he quotes, and to Pythagoras, promoting the principle “remain silent until you find that what you will say has more value than silence”.
EN
The article concerns the Christian experience of the meaning of quiet and silence. Christian spirituality is presented here as characterized by a balanced and realistic approach to man as a being in need of both quiet and silence, as well as the exchange of information. Then, based largely on the teaching of Pope Benedict XVI, the article focuses on the potential and needs of contemporary media society. Lastly, within such a context, the importance of silence and quiet in the case of the media - is presented as a positively important, even essential element of the fruitful creation of the media’s offerings, and subsequently, how it is used.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy aktualności chrześcijańskiego doświadczenia znaczenia ciszy i milczenia. Duchowość chrześcijańska przedstawia się tutaj jako cechująca się zrównoważonym i realistycznym podejściem do człowieka jako bytu potrzebującego zarówno ciszy i milczenia, jak też wymiany informacji. Następnie, opierając się w dużej mierze na nauczaniu papieża Benedykta XVI, zwrócono uwagę na potencjał oraz na potrzeby współczesnego społeczeństwa medialnego. W takim kontekście zostało z kolei zaprezentowane znaczenie milczenia i ciszy w przypadku mediów jako pozytywnie ważnego, nawet koniecznego elementu owocnego tworzenia ich oferty oraz korzystania z niej.
EN
The article concerns the Christian experience of the meaning of quiet and silence. Christian spirituality is presented here as characterized by a balanced and realistic approach to man as a being in need of both quiet and silence, as well as the exchange of information. Then, based largely on the teaching of Pope Benedict XVI, the article focuses on the potential and needs of contemporary media society. Lastly, within such a context, the importance of silence and quiet in the case of the media - is presented as a positively important, even essential element of the fruitful creation of the media’s offerings, and subsequently, how it is used.
EN
Heinz Piontek and Christa Wolf before the turnaround. A comparative study. The article is a comparative study. The aims of the study is to analyze the essays written by Heinz Piontek and Christa Wolf before the turnaround, mainly in the 1970’, and to discuss the similarities and differences between them. We can notice some points of contact in their literary work. Similar motives in similar constellations appear in both essays writing. Although they worked in different regimes, the same themes and literary tendencies are described by both of them, and some phenomenons are being similar assessed.
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