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EN
Although the blue-green infrastructure is a matter widely discussed in several disciplines such as urban planning, landscape architecture, water management, climatology and nature conservation, use of the term itself remains infrequent in Czech contexts and has no unanimous definition. Foreign sources also use compromise terms, such as blue-greengrey infrastructure, hybrid infrastructure and mixed infrastructure, which has to do with the fact that some elements of rainwater management imitate natural processes (e.g. infiltration and evapotranspiration) but, in fact, are implemented as artificial elements in accordance with technical standards. This example from the city of Pilsen presents a thematic analysis of planning documents related to blue-green infrastructure. As the analysis of Pilsen’s planning documents illustrates, tools for climate change adaptation and efficient use of rainwater are gaining ground and amenity functions of urban water (recreational, social, aesthetic, cultural) are supported in synergy of an ideal city sensitive to water. It is necessary to acknowledge that the objectives and tools of specific levels of water management in cities are cumulated in the course of events, meaning that they can be planned only with a multidisciplinary approach. In this respect, Czech practice is usually at the level of sectoral planning. Although the blue-green infrastructure is a matter widely discussed in several disciplines such as urban planning, landscape architecture, water management, climatology and nature conservation, use of the term itself remains infrequent in Czech contexts and has no unanimous definition. Foreign sources also use compromise terms, such as blue-greengrey infrastructure, hybrid infrastructure and mixed infrastructure, which has to do with the fact that some elements of rainwater management imitate natural processes (e.g. infiltration and evapotranspiration) but, in fact, are implemented as artificial elements in accordance with technical standards. This example from the city of Pilsen presents a thematic analysis of planning documents related to blue-green infrastructure. As the analysis of Pilsen’s planning documents illustrates, tools for climate change adaptation and efficient use of rainwater are gaining ground and amenity functions of urban water (recreational, social, aesthetic, cultural) are supported in synergy of an ideal city sensitive to water. It is necessary to acknowledge that the objectives and tools of specific levels of water management in cities are cumulated in the course of events, meaning that they can be planned only with a multidisciplinary approach. In this respect, Czech practice is usually at the level of sectoral planning. As one of the approaches to blue-green infrastructure planning, this article presents a methodology of ecohydrological assessment of urban landscape micro-structures. The categorization of spatial units is based on possible stipulation of several parameters of ecohydrological characteristics for types of elementary areas (e.g. infiltration, evapotranspiration, outflow) and other parameters for functional spatial units called micro-structures (such as typical levels of outflow contamination and climate characteristics). These parameters can be based on the standardization of values, so expressing reference values for regulations, e.g. greenery coefficients such as the Biotope Area Factor for new housing development. At the level of urban landscape micro-structures, water management can be better arranged in decentralized units than in elementary areas. A model study on the centre of the city of Pilsen has delimited 481 micro-structure units of various types. Besides absolute comparison, ecohydrological classification makes it possible to discern quality of micro-structures of the same type, e.g. in order to identify where improvements are needed in the blocks of Pilsen’s city centre. The maps show different ecohydrological characteristics of street corridors in whole street profile because they are analysed as independent units, separate from the blocks. The accuracy of the classification of micro-structures depends on the quality of input data and can form the basis of plan-based development of blue-green infrastructure.
CS
Přestože se o tématech modro-zelené infrastruktury u nás diskutuje v rámci různých oborů, nemá tento termín v praxi zatím jednotné vymezení. Jak ilustruje rozbor plánovacích dokumentů Plzně, aktuálně se v této souvislosti prosazují nástroje adaptace na klimatickou změnu a efektivní využití dešťové vody, často ve vztahu k veřejným prostranstvím. Jako jeden z přístupů k plánování modro-zelené infrastruktury je představena metodika ekohydrologického hodnocení mikrostruktur městské krajiny. Kategorizace územních jednotek vychází z možností stanovení některých parametrů ekohydrologických vlastností pro typy elementárních ploch a dalších parametrů pro funkční prostorové jednotky, které nazýváme mikrostruktury. Použití této metodiky ukazuje modelové zpracování centrální oblasti města Plzně, kde bylo vymezeno a hodnoceno 481 jednotek mikrostruktur různých typů.
EN
The aim of this article is to specify five basic types of urban development sites in terms of rainwater management and conditions for projects for rainwater management systems. In part, preconditions for an ideal rainwater management system have been taken from a statistical analysis of detailed site cover structure in a model territory in the city of Plzeň. The mean values of site cover representation have been used to calculate the environmental parameters characteristic of particular types of functional use. Knowledge of literature on functional urban areas in the context of climatic and hydrological conditions has also been taken into account in order to identify the rainwater management potential of various territories. The article includes a discussion on the property share of municipalities in various types of territories and its impact on advances in suitable systems of rainwater management. A summary of the results, enhanced by knowledge of available typologies, will inform the creation of software and methodology to support rainwater management measures and tools that the state administration will use to apply them.
XX
Cílem příspěvku je specifikovat pět základních typů rozvojových ploch měst z hlediska podmínek pro projektování systémů hospodaření se srážkovou vodou. Předpoklady pro optimální návrh systému hospodaření se srážkovou vodou byly částečně odvozeny na základě statistického rozboru detailní struktury pokryvu ploch modelového území Plzně. Průměrné hodnoty zastoupení pokryvu ploch byly využity k výpočtu environmentálních parametrů charakteristických pro jednotlivé typy funkčního využití. Dále byly pro stanovení potenciálu území pro hospodaření se srážkovou vodou zohledněny poznatky z rozboru literatury v oblasti typologie funkčních ploch urbanizovaných území z hlediska klimatických a hydrologických podmínek. V příspěvku také diskutujeme majetkový podíl města na jednotlivých typech území a jeho vliv na prosazování vhodného systému hospodaření se srážkovou vodou. Zobecnění výsledků, doplněné o poznatky z dostupných typologií, se návazně stane podkladem pro tvorbu softwaru a metodiky na podporu výběru vhodných opatření hospodaření se srážkovou vodou a nástrojů veřejné správy na jejich prosazování.
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