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Die popperschen Herausforderungen für den Materialismus

100%
Grygianiec M.
Logos i Ethos
|
2016
|
vol. 42
|
issue 2
103-115
EN
The paper aims at presenting and analysing two anti-materialistic arguments inspired by Karl R. Popper. An idea of these arguments was originally presented in his short article Language and the body-mind problem and then repeated in the book The self and its brain. The first of these arguments, the argument from rational justification, is intended to show that any materialist theory of mind which assumes a causal interpretation of mind is unable to account for rational justification of thoughts and, therefore, undermines itself. According to the second argument, i.e. the argument from circularity of causal explanation, there does not exist any purely materialistic, non-circular, causal explanation of intentionality what is standardly required by materialism. In the text assumptions of both arguments are clearly specified and commented on. A brief tentative evaluation of the arguments in question is added at the end of the paper.
DE
Das Ziel dieses Textes ist die Darstellung und Analyse von zwei Argumenten gegen den Materialismus, die durch Karl R. Popper inspiriert sind. Der Leitgedanke dieser Argumente erschien ursprünglich in seinem kurzen Artikel Language and the body-mind problem und wurde später in The self and its brain wiederholt. Nach dem ersten Argument kann kein materialistischer Standpunkt, der eine kausale Theorie des Geistes nach sich zieht, die Natur einer rationalen Begründung von Überzeugungen erklären, und dementsprechend verliert der materialistische Standpunkt selbst seine rationale Begründung. Mit dem zweiten Argument wird versucht zu beweisen, dass es keine rein materialistische, kausale Erklärung der Intentionalität gibt. Im Text werden einzelne Prämissen der genannten Argumente rekonstruiert und anschließend analysiert. Am Ende erfolgt eine kurze Beurteilung der besprochenen Argumente.
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Enlightenment Fundamentals: Rights, Responsibilities & Republicanism

88%
Westphal K. R.
Diametros
|
2014
|
issue 40
176-200
XX
This essay re-examines some key fundamentals of the Enlightenment regarding individual rights, responsibilities and republicanism which deserve and require re-emphasis today, insofar as they underscore the character and fundamental importance of mature judgment, and how developing and fostering mature judgment is a fundamental aim of education. These fundamentals have been clouded or eroded by various recent developments, including mis-guided educational policy and not a little scholarly bickering. Clarity about these fundamentals is more important today than ever. Sapere aude!
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