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EN
The current paper examines the role of intonation in the perception of foreign-accented speech. In order to assess how difficult it is to mentally process native, non-native and modified speech melodies, four conditions were analyzed and compared: native English, native English with Czech melody, Czech English with native melody and Czech English. The method of reaction times measurement in a word monitoring task was employed, in which 108 Czech listeners heard English sentences in the explored conditions and pressed a button when hearing a target word. Speech melody turned out to have a relatively weak but discernible impact on perceptual processing. Interestingly, Czech English proved to be more difficult to process than native English, although the listeners were Czech. The implementation of English F0 contours on Czech English speech slightly alleviated the cognitive load, however, the second hybrid, native English with Czech melody, pointed to the opposite direction. The causes of this discrepancy were investigated, particularly higher degrees of collocability in certain expressions.
EN
Time-related changes in the speeded performance of complex cognitive tasks are considered to arise from the combined effects of practice and mental fatigue. Here we explored the differential contributions of practice and fatigue to performance changes in a self-paced speeded mental addition and comparison task of about 50 min duration, administered twice within one week's time. Performance measures included average response speed, accuracy, and response speed variability. The results revealed differential effects of prolonged work on different performance indices: Practice effects, being more pronounced in the first session, were reflected in an improvement of average response speed, whereas mental fatigue, occurring in both sessions, was reflected in an increase of response speed variability. This demonstrates that effects of mental fatigue on average speed of performance may be masked by practice effects but still be detectable in the variability of performance. Therefore, besides experimental factors such as the length and complexity of tasks, indices of response speed variability should be taken into consideration when interpreting different aspects of performance in self-paced speed tests.
Medycyna Pracy
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2020
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vol. 71
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issue 4
421-427
EN
BackgroundThe objective of the present work was to determine whether fluid intelligence scores and individual temperamental traits may be used to predict drivers’ reaction times in movement anticipation tasks.Material and MethodsThe study encompassed 68 young female drivers (aged 20–26 years), who had received their driver’s licenses at least 2 years prior. Anticipatory performance was evaluated using the Perception Anticipation Movement Test (PAMT) consisting of 3 sets of computer tasks differing in the speed of the moving objects. The level of fluid intelligence was determined using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, and the temperamental traits with the Pavlovian Temperament Survey.ResultsIntelligence was found to be significantly correlated with reaction time only in the second PAMT task set, for which it was also a good predictor. Findings suggested that a higher level of fluid intelligence in young female drivers was associated with longer reaction times in the movement anticipation task with objects moving at the medium speed level. Temperamental traits did not correlate with reaction times in all movement anticipation tasks, and they did not explain the participants’ performance in the PAMT task sets.ConclusionsThis study expands the current literature by assessing the relationship between fluid intelligence, temperamental traits and reaction times in movement anticipation tasks with objects moving at different speeds. The outcomes of this study are discussed together with those of previous research.
EN
Objectives The article analyzes the driver’s psychophysiological qualities such as complex reaction and individual ability to control the vehicle that has suddenly lost its stability. The comparative analysis of the duration of reaction time was performed to assess the negative influence of speaking on a phone and driving with one hand. Material and Methods The experimental research was carried out on special training grounds with the road surface having low adhesion coefficient, where sudden lateral vehicle destabilization was caused by the moving plate mounted on the road surface. The vehicle onboard equipment was used for identifying the difference between the destabilization moment and the responsive driver’s steering wheel movement which in this research was assumed as the reaction time. Results Statistical methods of research applied for the analysis of results showed high probability that the driver’s actions would be significantly late in controlling a vehicle. When stabilizing a vehicle movement, the complex reaction time of a vehicle driver speaking on a mobile phone is increased by 18.1% as compared with the conventional driving by a driver not speaking on a phone. Conclusions The risk of using the phone depends on the driver characteristics, traits and attitudes that affect the level of their experienced dangers, and the intensity of using mobile phones and driving. Speaking on a phone while driving increases the driver’s reaction time and mental workload, and changes his or her visual overview ability as well as understanding of the situation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):633–648
EN
Background. In recent years the breakthrough in the video game market has occurred due to the new motion-sensing devices, which require a wide range of limb movements or even the whole body movement. Because of these technical solutions the video games have become a peculiar form of physical activity. Material and methods. The aim of this work was to compare the results of a standard computer test which measures reaction time and a physical test which measures the ability of grasping the Dietrich’s baton with the results obtained in “Super goalkeeper” – the motion-controlled video game for Xbox 360 Kinect. Thirty children attending Primary and Kindergarten schools No. 1 in Piekary Śląskie, Poland, aged 11–13 (the 5th and the 6th grade) took part in the experiment. Results and conclusions. In each trial, boys got higher results than girls. The results obtained in the motion-controlled video game “Super goalkeeper” correlated more strongly with the results of Dietrich’s test than the results of the standard reaction time computer test. The study showed also that the motion-controlled game may be an alternative to the existing tests which measure reaction time.
EN
Background. Kiai is a breathing technique, usually related to a short scream that aims to focus the martial artist’s energy in a given attack. However, the influence of kiai in the technical and physical aspects related to striking performance needs more evidence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of kiai in the performance of vertical jumps, and reaction time (RT) for punches and kicks in amateur Karate athletes. Methods. Sixteen male amateur athletes aged 18.5 ± 4.3, body mass of 68.5 ± 10 kg, height of 1.7 ± 0.1 m, and 2.4±1.8 years experience in Karate were recruited. Five attempts at each technical action and three attempts at each vertical jump were performed with and without using kiai. The RT was measured by the TReaction® app and the vertical jumps by using a contact mat. Paired t-tests and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used to test differences between conditions, while ANOVA was applied to test differences between attempts for both RT and jumps. Results. No significant differences were found between kiai and control conditions for the countermovement jump (CMJ; p= 0.496), squat jump (SJ; p= 0.374), and drop jump (DJ; p= 0.147) performance. There was no evidence (p> 0.05) of significant differences between conditions for punch and kick Rts. Conclusion. The kiai technique does not promote or affect RT of punch, kick, and vertical jump performance in Karate athletes.
PL
Tło. Kiai jest techniką oddechową, zwykle związaną z krótkim krzykiem, która ma na celu skupienie energii zawodnika sztuk walki w danym ataku. Jednakże wpływ kiai na techniczne i fizyczne aspekty związane z efektywnością uderzeń wymaga więcej dowodów. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu kiai na wydajność skoków pionowych i czas reakcji (RT) dla ciosów i kopnięć u zawodników karate w kategorii amatorów. Metody. W badaniu brało udział 16 mężczyzn amatorów w wieku 18,5 ± 4,3 lat, o masie ciała 68,5 ± 10 kg, wzroście 1,7 ± 0,1 m i 2,4±1,8-letnim doświadczeniu w karate. Wykonano 5 prób każdej akcji technicznej i 3 próby każdego skoku pionowego, z użyciem i bez użycia kiai. RT była mierzona przez aplikację TReaction®, a skoki pionowe przez matę kontaktową. Do badania różnic między warunkami wykorzystano testypar t oraz wielkości efektu Cohena d, natomiast do badania różnic między próbami zarówno dla RT jak i skoków zastosowano ANOVA. Wyniki. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic pomiędzy kiai a warunkami kontrolnymi dla skoków z kontrruchu (CMJ; p= 0,496), przysiadu (SJ; p= 0,374) i podrzutu (DJ; p= 0,147). Nie wykazano również istotnych różnic między warunkami dla RT uderzeń i kopnięć (p> 0,05). Wnioski. Technika kiai nie ma wpływu na RT uderzeń, kopnięć i skoków pionowych u karateków.
EN
Objective of the research. Health risks that may occur at a later age in children with fetal dystrophy are well-known. There is a lack of research on motor development and changes in body composition in children with fetal dystrophy. The results so far are contradictory. Hence, the study was undertaken to indicate the differences in body composition, ability to respond quickly and ability to maintain dynamic balance in children aged 8-13 years, depending on hypotrophy and hypertrophy at birth. Material and methods. The study of body composition involved children aged 8-13 years. The respondents were divided into 3 groups: hypotrophic children (n=18), eutrophic children (n=138) and hypertrophic children (n=15) in accordance with accepted standards. To measure body composition a ’Tanita BC-418MA Body Composition Analyzer’ was used and the method of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was applied. The tests of ability to maintain dynamic balance were conducted using a Balance Master® posturograph, NeuroCom®. The ability to respond quickly was evaluated with the application of OptoGait system, MicrogateS.r.l.. Results of the research. It was found that fatty and non-fatty components of body composition show increasing characteristics. The lowest values described the children with hypotrophy of the fetus, and the highest values – the children with hypertrophy of the fetus. The research proved that the dystrophy of birth weight does not differentiate the ability to maintain dynamic balance and the ability to respond quickly in children aged 8-13 years. Conclusions. It was found that: (1) In relation to eutrophic children, children with hypotrophy at birth are characterized by lower values of all parameters related to body composition. Whereas children with hypertrophy at birth are characterized by higher values of the above mentioned parameters. (2) There were no differences in terms of the ability to maintain dynamic balance and the ability to respond quickly in the children aged 8-13 years depending on dystrophy at birth.
PL
Cel badań. Zagrożenia zdrowotne mogące wystąpić w późniejszym wieku u dzieci z dystrofią płodu są dobrze poznane. Brakuje badań dotyczących rozwoju motorycznego oraz zmian składu masy ciała dzieci z dystrofią płodu. Dotychczasowe wyniki są sprzeczne. Podjęto badania, których celem było wskazanie różnic w składzie masy ciała, zdolności do szybkiego reagowania oraz zdolności zachowania równowagi dynamicznej u dzieci w wieku 8-13 lat, w zależności od hipo- i hipertrofii urodzeniowej. Materiał i metody. Badaniami składu masy ciała objęto dzieci w wieku od 8 do 13 lat. Badanych podzielono na 3 grupy: hipotrofików (n=18), eutrofików (n=138) oraz hipertrofików (n=15) zgodnie z przyjętymi normami. Do badania składu masy ciała wykorzystano urządzenie „Tanita BC-418MA Body Composition Analyzer”. Zastosowano metodę Bioelektrycznej Analizy Impedancji (BIA). Badania zdolności zachowania równowagi dynamicznej wykonano przy wykorzystaniu posturografuBalance Master® firmy NeuroCom®. Zdolność do szybkiego reagowania oceniono przy wykorzystaniu systemu OptoGait firmy MicrogateS.r.l. Wyniki badań. Stwierdzono, że tłuszczowe oraz beztłuszczowe komponenty składu masy ciała wykazują rosnącą charakterystykę. Najmniejsze wartości cechowały dzieci z hipotrofią płodu a największe dzieci urodzone jako hipertroficzne. W niniejszym badaniu wykazano, żedystrofia masy urodzeniowej nie różnicuje zdolności zachowania równowagi dynamicznej oraz zdolność do szybkiego reagowania u dzieci w wieku 8-13 lat. Wnioski. Wykazano, że: (1) W stosunku do dzieci eutroficznych, dzieci z hipotrofią urodzeniową cechują niższe, a dzieci z hipertrofią wyższe wartości wszystkich parametrów składu masy ciała. (2) Nie stwierdzono różnic w przejawianiu zdolności do szybkiego reagowania oraz zdolności zachowania równowagi dynamicznej u badanych dzieci w wieku 8-13 lat, w zależności od dystrofii urodzeniowej.
EN
Background. In combat sports, such as judo, reactive stress tolerance is a variable that influences the performance of athletes. This variable plays a crucial role in controlling the movements of body segments and may contribute to sports success. Problem and aim. Little is known about the behavior of this variable in elite athletes in judo. This variable can be influenced by different factors. This study aims to investigate if there are any gender differences in reactive stress tolerance between the athletes in the Junior Brazilian Judo Team. Methods. The entire population of athletes from the Brazilian team. participated in the study (n=34; 17 male 18.56 ± 3.45 years and 17 female 18.90 ± 3.60 years) Reactive stress tolerance (complex reaction time, number of correct responses, number of incorrect responses, and omitted responses) was measured by the Determination Test (DT/S1; Vienna Test System SPORTS®).Results. The number of incorrect and omitted answers presented significant differences (ES = 1.07/ 1.01) in the comparison by gender. Female athletes made fewer mistakes and omitted fewer responses than males. There were no significant differences (ES = -0.54 / -0.59) about the time of complex reaction and the number of correct answers. Conclusion. The elite athletes of the Brazilian judo team do not show different performance levels caused by gender differences. The findings of this study show that at the highest levels of performance this variable is homogeneous.
PL
Tło. W sportach walki, takich jak judo, reaktywna tolerancja stresu jest zmienną, która wpływa na wyniki sportowe. Zmienna ta odgrywa kluczową rolę w kontroli ruchów segmentów ciała i może przyczynić się do osiągnięcia sukcesu sportowego. Problem i cel. Niewiele wiadomo na temat zachowania się tej zmiennej u elitarnych sportowców uprawiających judo. Na zmienną tę mogą wpływać różne czynniki. Celem pracy było zbadanie, czy istnieją różnice między płciami w zakresie reaktywnej tolerancji stresu u zawodników brazylijskiej druż-yny juniorów judo. Metody. W badaniu wzięła udział cała drużyna (n=34; 17 mężczyzn 18,56 ± 3,45 lat i 17 kobiet 18,90 ± 3,60 lat) reprezentacji Brazylii. Reaktywną tolerancję na stres (złożony czas reakcji, liczbę prawidłowych odpowiedzi, liczbę nieprawidłowych odpowiedzi i pominiętych odpowiedzi) mierzono Testem Determinacji (DT/S1; Vienna Test System SPORTS®). Wyniki. Liczba odpowiedzi błędnych i pominiętych wykazy-wała istotne różnice (ES = 1,07/ 1,01) w porównaniu między płciami. Zawodniczki popełniały mniej błędów i pomijały mniej odpowiedzi niż mężczyźni. Nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic (ES = -0,54 / -0,59) dotyczących czasu reakcji złożonej i liczby poprawnych odpowiedzi. Wniosek. Elitarni zawodnicy brazylijskiej drużyny judo nie wykazują odmiennych wyników ze względu na płeć. Wyniki niniejszego badania pokazują, że przy wysokim poziomie wydajności zmienna ta jest jednorodna.
EN
Background Cognitive efficiency is crucial for many areas of human activity. It affects the employees’ efficiency and safety at the workplace. An important element of the prevention of accidents at work is the appropriate professional selection, which consists in checking the characteristics of candidates needed for a given position, and for this purpose, a psychological diagnosis is carried out. The aim of the study was to develop tools for cognitive diagnosis that are characterized by good psychometric properties. Material and Methods Tools for the diagnosis of simple reaction time (Abili-time), choice reaction time (Abili-select), prolonged attention (Abili-space, Abili-digit), and working memory (Abili-langmem, Abili-mathmem) were developed. Validation studies were conducted with 221 individuals aged 20–60 to assess relevance and reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability), and with the participation of 61 in a retest 3 months after the first measurement. Paper tests (CTT, TUS, Digit Span from WAIS-R(PL)) and tests from the Vienna test system (RT, SIGNAL, CORSI, ALS) were used to assess validity. Results The analysis showed that the Abili-time and Abili-select tests have satisfactory internal consistency. Analysis of temporal stability showed significant test-retest correlations for Abili-select, Abili-space, Abili-digit and Abili-langmem. Abili-time had slightly lower temporal stability. The temporal stability of Abili-mathmem was not confirmed. Significant correlations were obtained between the results of the developed tools with measures measuring similar constructs. Conclusions The conducted research confirms the validity and reliability of Abili-time, Abili-select and Abili-space. Further work is needed on working memory tests, which are noteworthy due to the lack of other tools available on the market to test these functions. Further research should involve more people as well as carrying out standardization work. Med Pr. 2023;74(2)
PL
Wstęp Sprawność poznawcza jest kluczowa dla wielu obszarów działania człowieka. Wpływa na efektywność pracowników i bezpieczeństwo pracy. Ważnym elementem profilaktyki wypadków przy pracy jest odpowiedni dobór zawodowy, który polega na sprawdzeniu cech kandydatów na dane stanowisko pracy, i w tym celu przeprowadza się diagnozę psychologiczną. Celem badania było opracowanie narzędzi do diagnozy poznawczej, które cechują się dobrymi własnościami psychometrycznymi. Materiał i metody Opracowano narzędzia do diagnozy czasu reakcji prostej (Abili-time), czasu reakcji z wyborem (Abili-select), przedłużonej koncentracji (Abili-space, Abili-digit) i pamięci roboczej (Abili-langmem, Abili-mathmem). Przeprowadzono badania walidacyjne z udziałem 221 osób w wieku 20–60 lat w celu oceny trafności i rzetelności (spójność wewnętrzna i stabilność czasowa) oraz z udziałem 61 osób w badaniu retest po 3 mies. od I pomiaru. Do oceny trafności zastosowano testy papierowe (CTT, TUS, Powtarzanie cyfr z WAIS-R(PL)) oraz pochodzące z Wiedeńskiego systemu testów (RT, SIGNAL, CORSI, ALS). Wyniki Analiza wykazała, że testy Abili-time i Abili-select charakteryzują się zadowalającą spójnością wewnętrzną. Analiza stabilności czasowej wykazała istotne korelacje test-retest w przypadku Abili-select, Abili-space, Abili-digit i Abili-langmem. Nieco niższą stabilnością czasową cechuje się Abili-time. Nie potwierdzono stabilności czasowej Abili-mathmem. Uzyskano istotne korelacje między wynikami opracowanych narzędzi z miarami mierzącymi podobne konstrukty. Wnioski Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają trafność i rzetelność Abili-time, Abili-select i Abili-space. Dalszych prac wymagają testy do badania pamięci roboczej, które są warte uwagi z powodu braku dostępnych na rynku innych narzędzi do badania tych funkcji. Dalsze badania powinny obejmować większą liczbę osób, jak również przeprowadzenie prac normalizacyjnych. Med. Pr. 2023;74(2)
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