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PL
The article presents the role of the colour red in defining two communicative and pragmatic centres (the war and the woman) in Svetlana Alexievich’s reportage War Does Not Have a Woman’s Face. The colour red plays a significant role in visualizing war events and depicting different aspects of female sensitivity.
EN
In this article the occurrence of the colour term ‘red’ is studied comparatively in the regilaul of two Estonian counties. Earlier studies on colour terms in the Estonian regilaul have shown that colour terms are rarely found in songs. At the same time, they are conspicuous in set phrases, forming formulae, fixed lexical combinations characteristic of the regilaul tradition. The analysis of the songs studied in this article is based on the formulaic concept (i.e. the premise that colour terms are found in set lexical phrases). In interpreting colour term-containing motifs and related topics, this article draws on context-centred folklore research (i.e. the premise that the meaning of neither the formulae nor the colour terms is autonomous, independent of their context of use). A formula containing a colour term does not carry an unambiguous meaning. It is not possible to say, for example, what evaluation the modifier ‘red’ involves in such compounds as ‘pale punane’ (red countenance), ‘punane põõsas’ (red bush), ‘proua punane’ (red lady). However, it reveals that on the motif level these formulae carry a certain meaning: in the praise of the bride or the groom in wedding songs, the ’pale punane’ (red countenance) refers to health and youth, while in the ’indifferent maiden’ motif it refers to the angry disposition of the maiden. Partly, the meanings of ‘red’ become evident thanks to its parallel words (ilus / punane – handsome / red), while on the motif level it appears when the word is used to praise or warn against a character (ilus mees on ihusööja – punane aga verejooja (the handsome husband is a flesh-eater, the red one a blood-drinker): such a young man is not recommended to the girl, as working in the man’s house would ruin her health). It is characteristic that ‘red’ tends to be related with the topic of courting and wedding. When the parallel word of ‘red’ is ‘blue’ (e.g. Minu hella emakene, / siruta see sinine lõnga, / poeta punane paela, / tõmba minu taevasse (Dear mother, / stretch out the blue yarn, / drop down the red ribbon, / pull me up to the heaven)), it remarkably often describes a border situation, either in the social (wedding, death) or natural environment (morning, evening). In summary, it can be said that lexical phrases or formulae that contain colour terms can vary widely. However, the thematic context of using formulae that contain colour terms is considerably stable.
EN
The paper discusses metaphorical and metonymic extensions of the adjectives czerwony ‘red’ and czarny ‘black’. The connotative potential of red and black colour collocations is analyzed and discussed. Red and black collocations were excerpted from the two largest corpora, i.e. NKJP and MoncoPL. All colour citations are analysed in the framework of discourse analysis and conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The analysis indicates that extralinguistic factors (i.e. social, political and historical events) motivate the emergence of red and black colour collocations in modern Polish discourse.
DE
Der Artikel enthält das Abstract ausschließlich in französischer und englischer Sprache.
EN
This essay analyses the dialogue between automatism and late surrealism on the color red, with a focus on the intensity shared by painting and literature. The starting point is a collective prose poem by André Breton, Élisa Breton, and Benjamin Péret. This poem, « Riopelle », written for an exhibition of Jean-Paul Riopelle’s automatist paintings in 1949, is included in Breton’s Le Surréalisme et la peinture.
FR
On analyse dans cet essai le dialogue entre art visuel (l’automatisme de Jean-Paul Riopelle) et surréalisme tardif sur la couleur rouge, notamment en termes d’intensité. Le point de départ est un poème en prose d’André Breton, Élisa Breton, et Benjamin Péret, écrit pour une exposition de 1949 et intitulé « Riopelle ». Ce texte a été repris dans Le Surréalisme et la peinture.  
EN
Comparison, a rhetorical device, most often referred to as a figure of thought, is associated with those stylistic conventions that are willingly and pervasively used in discourse. Its double-element structure, also containing an obligatory comparison word (e.g., comme, like, jak, etc.), provides an opportunity to juxtapose concepts which are often very distant from each other and constitutes a crucial instrument for the categorization of phenomena of the world. It is a key to our understanding and conceptualization. The article investigates how the French and Polish languages use comparisons containing the adjective of an exceptionally rich connotative value: red (rouge /czerwony).
PL
Porównanie, chwyt retoryczny opisywany najczęściej jako figura myśli, należy do środków styli-stycznych szczególnie chętnie używanych w dyskursie. Jego dwuczłonowa struktura, zawierająca również konieczny łącznik (np. comme, like, jak, etc.), daje możliwość zestawiania pojęć niekiedy bardzo odległych, przez co stanowi wygodny instrument kategoryzacji zjawisk świata i klucz do jego zrozumienia. Niniejszy artykuł bada, jak języki francuski i polski używają porównań zawierających przymiotnik o szczególnie bogatej wartości konotacyjnej: rouge/czerwony.
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