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EN
The objective of the audit was to examine whether the regional committees for medical cases provided the patient with compensations, without a necessity to take legal actions. The audit was conducted in eight regional offices with regard to ensuring proper functioning of the regional committees for medical cases through appointing competent committee members, and providing them with appropriate administrative and organisational services.
EN
The Gloss endorses Supreme Court's judgment from 20 X 2011 r.,( IV KK 137/11), which relates to extent of duty to redress the damage caused by unlawful arrest and to that, if it is possible, in proceeding regulated by the 58th section of Code of Criminal Procedure, to obtain reimbursement of legal representation costs under Article 632§ 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Glossator held’s that the Supreme Court has rightly held that the damage must also take into account monetary liabilities, which drew family wrongly detained person to cover the cost of living during imprisonment. Compensation should cover entire damage and redress entire moral injury, which were suffered by detainee. In determining the amount of both compensation and redress all the circumstances of the case should be considered. The applicant in proceedings for damages should receive reimbursement of legal representation cost.
PL
Z dniem 1 lipca 2015 r. weszła w życie nowelizacja kodeksu karnego, w wyniku której uległ zmianie m.in. art. 46 k.k. Modyfikacje dotyczyły zarówno konstrukcji ujętego w tym przepisie środka penalnego, jak i zakres jego stosowania. Nowelizacja była bowiem ukierunkowana na szerszą realizację funkcji kompensacyjnej prawa karnego, a tym samym pełniejsze zaspokojenie roszczeń cywilnych pokrzywdzonego przestępstwem. Ustawodawca dał wyraz tym zapatrywaniom umieszczając prezentowany przepis w nowo utworzonym rozdziale, zatytułowanym „Przepadek i środki kompensacyjne”. Spełnieniu wspomnianej funkcji służy przede wszystkim zmiana charakteru analizowanego środka, który dotąd – jako środek karny – miał realizować różnorakie funkcje prawa karnego, a więc także represyjną i prewencyjną. W nowym modelu jest on nakierowany głównie na kwestie kompensaty. Taka jego istota powoduje konieczność przeorientowania dotychczasowej wykładni tego przepisu. W artykule zostały więc ukazane wybrane konsekwencje tej nowelizacji i obecne sposoby interpretacji omawianego przepisu. Zaprezentowano również przesłanki formalne i materialne orzekania analizowanego środka, a także zakres jego zastosowania.
EN
As from 1 July 2015 the amendment of the Penal Code came into force, which changed, among other things, Article 46. The modifications referred to the construction of the penal measure included in the regulation as well as the scope of its application. The amendment was in fact aimed at a wider implementation of the compensatory function of criminal law, and thus a more complete satisfaction of the victim's civil claims. The legislator gave expression to these views by placing this provision in a newly created chapter Va, entitled "Forfeiture and compensatory measures". The above-mentioned function is primarily fulfilled by the change in the nature of the analysed measure, which so far - as a penalty - has had to carry out various functions of criminal law, including the preventive and repressive ones. In the new model it is mainly aimed at the issues of compensation. Accordingly, its present meaning makes it necessary to refocus the existing interpretation of this provision. Therefore, the article presents selected consequences of the amendment and current ways of interpreting the discussed regulation. Moreover, the formal and material grounds for the adjudication of the above-mentioned measure have been shown as well as the scope of its application.
EN
The National Film Board of Canada (NFB) is world-renown for its documen- taries and animations. This article examines how the NFB dealt with one specific topic – the internment of Japanese Canadians during World War Two. By analyzing the films produced by the NFB between 1945 and 2018, this study seeks to understand how and why its narratives of the internment changed dramatically over three-quarters of a century. The study deals with six NFB films: Of Japanese Descent (1945), Enemy Alien (1975), Minoru: Memory of Exile (1992), Freedom Has a Price (1994), Sleeping Tigers: The Asahi Baseball Story (2003), and East of the Rockies (2018). Drawing on the postcolonial concepts of the colonizing gaze and hegemony, as well as poststructuralist concepts of the trace and discourses of power, it probes the evolution of the NFB’s cinematic culture and concludes that the NFB’s film legacy parallels a changing public discourse in Canada on this traumatic historical violation of human rights.
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