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Refugees in Poland: Selected Issues in Research

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EN
Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steadily growing influx of foreign refugees in Poland. Poland's ratification of the Geneva Convention in 1991 and the New York Protocol in 1991 made it necessary to create a properly functioning refugee protection system in the country. The purpose of this work is to describe the dynamics of refugee influx in Poland from 1992 to 2007 as well as to analyze whether existing forms of legal stay are functioning properly in Poland. Furthermore, the work attempts to delve into key issues associated with the social integration of refugees in Poland.
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 317
89 - 106
EN
The article deals with the Dublin system, that is, the system of exclusive responsibility of one member state of the EU for examining applications for international protection, which is the basis for the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). It focuses on discretionary clauses — the opt-out clause (sovereignty clause) and the humanitarian clause. From the start of the system, these clauses were supposed to guarantee member states a considerable amount of discretionary authority in exercising their competence in granting protection. The analysis of the binding rules is preceded by a review of the interpretation of the previous regulation — Dublin II — by the Court of Justice. The judgments of the Court presented in the article have had a major influence on the approach and content of the new regulation, changing the methods of operation of the CEAS, and placing less emphasis on the principle of mutual trust. At present, the proper functioning of the CEAS is dependent on a consideration of the actual standard of the asylum system and the degree of respect for human rights in particular member states. At the same time, the underlining principle is for the discretionary competence of the states to not be limited by the rights of the individual.
EN
This article focuses on a brief analysis of the access of refugees to particular components of the social security system, designed to provide a sense of social security and support in difficult and crisis situations or in other cases of social exclusion. The criterion of the analysis will be the legal status of foreigners and legal regulations enabling them to use or lack of access to social benefits. The subjects of the analysis are those who received refugee status in Poland.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na krótkiej analizie dostępu uchodźców do poszczególnych komponentów systemu zabezpieczenia społecznego, mającego za zadanie dawać poczucie bezpieczeństwa socjalnego oraz wsparcie w sytuacjach trudnych i kryzysowych lub w innych przypadkach ziszczenia się ryzyk socjalnych. Kryterium analizy był status prawny cudzoziemców i stojące za tym regulacje prawne umożliwiające im korzystanie bądź brak możliwości korzystania z dostępu do świadczeń socjalnych. Przedmiotem analiz są osoby, które uzyskały w Polsce status uchodźcy.
EN
The text comments on the Court of Justice of the European Union judgment of 26 February 2015 in the case C-472/13, Andre Lawrence Shepherd v Bundesrepublik Deutschland. The judgment was delivered within the framework of the preliminary ruling procedure following the request from the Bayerisches Verwaltungsgericht München. A.L. Shephered was a former US soldier who had deserted from the US Army and applied for refugee status in Germany as he opposed further service in Iraq due to the fear of committing war crimes. The judgment commented on places itself within the growing case-law of the CJEU interpreting the secondary EU legislation in asylum policies. As such – although remaining to some extent untypical – it deserves analysis that results in identification of some shortcomings of the reasoning.
EN
The text comments on the Court of Justice of the European Union judgment of 25 January 2018 in the case C-473/16, F v. Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal. The judgment was delivered within the framework of the preliminary ruling procedure following the request from the Hungarian court - Szegedi Közigazgatási és Munkaügyi Bíróság. The judgment commented on places itself within the growing case-law of the CJEU interpreting the secondary EU legislation in asylum policies. The judgment refers to asylum claims related to sexual orientation and gender identity and specifically to controversial methods allowing for the assessment of one's sexual orientation in asylum procedure.
EN
The nineties were a period of rapid political and economic changes in Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. They are the background for growing international mobility: both emigration from the region and immigration. In 1991 Poland acceded to the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, i.e. a group of countries that grant protection to persecuted foreigners in their countries of origin. For the following years, Poland remains a country of pure emigration, and the influx of immigrants to Poland is gaining more and more importance, becoming the subject of public and political discourse in the second decade of the 21st century. This is mainly due to two factors. The first is the sharp increase in immigration from Ukraine to Poland, caused by the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict after 2013. It should be noted that Polish media very rarely deal with migrants in Poland, devoting much more space to people seeking protection in other European countries. It must be said that knowledge about the situation of forced migrants coming to Poland is not well known. There is also relatively little research on this subject.
PL
Lata dziewięćdziesiąte to okres gwałtownych zmian politycznych i gospodarczych w Polsce i innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Są one tłem dla rosnącej mobilności międzynarodowej: zarówno emigracji z regionu, jak i imigracji. W 1991 r. Polska przystąpiła do Konwencji Genewskiej dot. statusu uchodźców, tj. grupy państw, które udzielają ochrony prześladowanym cudzoziemcom w krajach ich pochodzenia. Przez kolejne lata Polska pozostaje krajem czystej emigracji, a napływ imigrantów do Polski nabiera coraz większego znaczenia, stając się przedmiotem dyskursu publicznego i politycznego w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Wynika to przede wszystkim z dwóch czynników. Pierwszym z nich jest gwałtowny wzrost imigracji z Ukrainy do Polski, spowodowany wybuchem konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego po 2013 roku. Trzeba zaznaczyć, iż polskie media bardzo rzadko zajmują się migrantami w Polsce, poświęcając znacznie więcej miejsca osobom szukającym ochrony w innych krajach europejskich. Trzeba stwierdzić, iż wiedza na temat sytuacji migrantów przymusowych przybywających do Polski nie jest dobrze znana. Stosunkowo mało jest też badań na ten temat.
EN
This article provides an overview of the social assistance granted to aliens applying for the refugee status under the Polish law. In the first section, the author introduces the binding legal acts, which stipulate minimum standards for the recognition of asylum seekers and reviews the types of the social security benefits which an alien is entitled to. Next, she discusses whether the minimum social standard for aliens applying for granting the refugee status prescribed by the Polish law is sufficient to ensure them a necessary standard of living.
PL
W dobie wciąż trwającego kryzysu migracyjnego, kiedy uregulowania międzynarodowego prawa uchodźczego mające sprostać długotrwałym skutkom tego kryzysu okazały się niewystarczające, to właśnie unormowania krajowe - konstytucyjne - mogą stanowić jeden z najlepszych środków ochrony osób uciekających przed prześladowaniem. Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy prawnoporównawczej prawa do azylu w Konstytucji RP i w konstytucjach wybranych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej oraz na tej podstawie zbadanie, w jaki sposób konstytucyjne prawo do azylu może pomóc uzyskać rzeczywistą ochronę osobom zmuszonym opuścić terytorium własnego państwa. Odróżnione zostaną międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje prawne w zakresie dostępu do prawa do azylu. Prawo do azylu nie zostało uregulowane w żadnej powszechnie przyjętej umowie międzynarodowej, dlatego też występują istotne różnice w unormowaniu tego prawa w ustawach zasadniczych. Mimo że statystycznie azyl nie jest udzielany tak często jak inne środki ochrony międzynarodowej, to samo umieszczenie prawa do azylu w unormowaniach konstytucyjnych należy ocenić pozytywnie.
EN
In the era of the ongoing migration crisis, when the regulations of international refugee law aimed at measure up to the long-term effects of this crisis proved to be insufficient, they are the national and constitutional norms that can be one of the best measures to protect people fleeing persecution. The purpose of the article will be to conduct a comparative law analysis of the right to asylum in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and in the constitutions of selected Member States of the European Union, and on this basis to examine how constitutional right to asylum can help obtain real protection for persons forced to leave their own territory. International and national regulations regarding access to the right of asylum will be distinguished. The right to asylum has not been regulated in any universally accepted international agreement, which is a reason why there are significant differences in the regulation of this right in the basic laws. Although statistically asylum is not granted as often as other international protection measures, the inclusion of the right to asylum in constitutional regulations should be assessed positively.
EN
In this publication, the author explains the meaning of the term ‘refugee’ and presents procedures  an imigrant has to go through in order to obtein the refugee status in Poland. Also, the autohor aims to explore the position od people who have already been granted refugee status: their living conditions  and perspectives for the future. Against this background, he presents the situation of refugees in Poland and formulates final remarks.
PL
W niniejszej publikacji autor tłumaczy znaczenie terminu „uchodźca” oraz przedstawia drogę jaką musi przejść imigrant, aby uzyskać status uchodźcy w Polsce. Autor podejmuje również próbę przybliżenia sytuacji osób, który uzyskały już status uchodźcy w Polsce, ich warunków bytowych i perspektyw na przyszłość. Na tym tle prezentuje sytuacje uchodźców w Polsce i formułuje uwagi końcowe.
EN
The main issue discussed in this paper is the question of characteristic features and main problems of the universal refugee law system based on the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugee from 1951 with its 1967 Protocol applied in cases of fear of Female Genital Mutilation. Referring to the concept of positive obligations of states and its horizontal effect developed by European Court of Human Rights, the paper points out the difficulties of protection from FGM caused by its different socio-cultural and legal aspects. It examines theoretical and practical issues that raises during the process of interpretation and application of the Convention, it takes into consideration states' jurisprudence as well as influential work of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees that helped to develop the good practice.
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