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EN
In the text, the author describes the specifics of the regional radio documentary, and discusses the themes and characters that appear in documents from PR Lodz. The author proposes a division of themes focused on various regional aspects. The research material includes recorded programming published on the radio station’s website during the early days of the site’s existence.
XX
Although Sri Lanka was a site of colonization of the Portuguese, Dutch and (under the treaty of Amiens in 1802) British, it was the English language that had the strongest infl uence on the indigenous population of the island as the earlier colonizers were less interested in disseminating their culture. Taking into consideration the fact that English was established in Sri Lanka by missionaries and British officers, it can be assumed that the language brought to the island of Ceylon was the Standard English of the turn of the 19th century. Exploiting data from International Corpus of English – Sri Lanka and articles on Sri Lankan English, the present study contains a comparison of contemporary Sri Lankan English and the English of the period when the language was brought to the Island (early 19th century). Thus, an effort is made to show the conservative features of the language of the first British settlers, which survive in English spoken in contemporary Sri Lanka.
EN
The main objective of the study was to identify the activities conducted by the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Lubuskie Voivodeship in the conditions of the consolidation and integration of internal trade. We presented actions that companies intend to take in the future to strengthen their competitive position, as well as the reasons for their low level of innovation. An assessment was also made of the success factors that had an impact on the functioning of the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises. The research procedure used the analysis of literature, statistical data and the results of surveys conducted among representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises on the presented issues.
EN
This paper examines the liberalisation and the regional air network configuration from Nigeria to other West African regions. It aims to study the impacts of liberalisation on the regional spatial structure of air networks from Nigeria to West Africa in the pre and post-liberalisation. The pre-liberalisation covers between 1988-2000, and the post-liberalisation ranges from 2001 to 2018. The methodology involves using the graph theory to calculate the route and the network topology in the pre and post-liberalisation and compare the resulting index. This hypothesis was tested using the alpha index. The alpha index analysis compares the level of connection in a pre-and post-liberalisation network via graphical depictions of each period’s route and network structure and the resulting alpha index. The pre-liberalisation alpha index for the route and network was 0.297, while the post-liberalisation alpha index was 0.334. The alpha index ranged from 0 to 1 and was the perfect network for the post‐liberalisation period. In post-liberalisation, the alpha index of the route and network are higher than in pre-liberalisation. Hence, the connection is better in post-liberalisation.
EN
The basic aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that educational level of individuals and participation in training programmes (apprenticeship, intra-firm training, continuing vocational training, popular training) have on their job prospects in Southern Greece (namely the regions of Southern Aegean and Crete) during the implementation of the first Community Support Framework (1989-1993). We also research the differences between the two regions under study and the entire country. We try to see whether the educational level itself and participation in training programmes increased the chances of finding a job. More specifically, we research what are the social and demographic characteristics that increase the chances of someone in the examined population finding a job, how those chances change (if they do) after the introduction of training courses and, also, whether University graduates, in contrast to most of the rest of the EU member states, face greater difficulties in finding a job than non-University graduates, as a series of studies for Greece conclude. To the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse individual anonymised records (micro-data) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for both employed and unemployed in those two regions at NUTS 2 level.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the author’s concept of the integrated planning system. I the fi rst part the axiological aspects of spatial planning as well as the public interest in land use are discussed. Also, the theoretical evidence for integrated planning in market economy is described and the specifi city of integrated planning approach. In the next part of this paper general assumptions of the changes recommended for the implementation in the spatial planning system are described. In the main part of the article’s text characteristics of the proposed innovations related to the sphere of strategic and spatial planning system and land use management at the local, regional and national are described. In the final part of the article comments on the spatial plans hierarchy (public interest hierarchy) are made.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza konfliktów wokół nowego paradygmatu rozwoju i ich wpływu na rozwój regionalny w Polsce. Podstawowa teza głosi, że większość społeczeństwa i elit wyraża silną tendencję do prowadzenia polityki rozwoju zgodnie z paradygmatem minionej (przemysło-wej) epoki, gdy infrastruktura techniczna i bezpośrednia aktywność ekonomiczna państwa grały pierwszorzędną rolę w inicjowaniu rozwoju. Artykuł prezentuje zmiany paradygmatu, konflikty z tym związane oraz główne czynniki powstrzymujące akceptację nowego paradygmatu w prakty-ce. Zalicza do nich niejasność strategicznych celów rozwojowych europejskiej i krajowej polityki rozwoju (wyrównywanie poziomu czy podnoszenie efektywności?), ograniczoną wiedzę społe-czeństwa o współczesnych czynnikach rozwoju oraz w praktyce nieformalny mechanizm zgody na zastępstwo celów (zamiast zadań złożonych i trudnych, pod tą samą nazwą realizowane są zadania prostsze). Władze lokalne i przedsiębiorstwa (główni beneficjenci) zainteresowane są przede wszystkim projektami służącymi jakości życia, podczas gdy władze centralne – w pierwszej kolej-ności wydaniem środków polityk europejskich. W efekcie w praktyce zarówno beneficjenci, jak i zarządzający, są skłonni do upraszczania wymogów, zastępowania celów, dla ułatwienia osiąga-nia swych celów. Przyczyn niechęci do stosowania nowego paradygmatu rozwoju można szukać w wielu płaszczyznach: hybrydowej strukturze administracji publicznej, petryfikacji strukturalnej (szczególnie wyraźnej na przykładzie struktury rolnictwa) czy wreszcie politycznie dyktowane błędne interpretacje rozwoju suburbiów jako wskaźnika rozwoju wsi. W efekcie takiego podejścia do rozwoju (wzmacnianego przez kulturę), polityki europejskie w niewielkim stopniu przyczyniają się do podniesienia innowacyjności i konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki.
EN
The main aim of this article is to analyze conflicts around new development paradigm and their impact on regional development in Poland. Key hypothesis says that majority of the society and elites express strong propensity to carry out development policy in line with the old (industri-al) paradigm, which attributed key role in stimulating development to technical infrastructure and direct economic activity by the state. Article presents changes of the paradigm, conflicts involved and main barriers to wide acceptance of the new paradigm in development practice. According to the author it encompasses ambiguity of the strategic objectives of the European and national de-velopment policies (equity or efficiency), limited understanding of the contemporary development drivers and in practice informal consensus about objectives/goals substitution (simple and easy substituting complex and difficult in implementation). Local authorities and entrepreneurs (main beneficiaries) are interested first of all in quality of life improvement projects, while central au-thorities – mostly in successful disbursement of the European policies financial resources. As a result, in practice, both beneficiaries and managing authorities in order to attain their objectives show propensity to simplify requirements, substitute goals. The reasons of reluctance on using new development paradigm can be sought on numerous platforms: hybrid structure of public admin-istration, structural petrification (particularly well visible in case of agrarian structure) or – shaped under political influence – misinterpretation of suburbia development as an indicator of rural areas development. As a result of such an approach to development (enhanced by culture), European policies hardly contribute to Polish economy innovativeness and competitiveness improvement.
EN
Born in a small town near Olsztyn, Kowalewski is one of the most recognizable writers of Warmia and Masuria. In his prose, especially in his short stories Powrót do Breitenheide (Return to Breitenheide) and Wieczór autorski (Reading), he explores the German presence in a region that belonged to Germany until 1945. Kowalewski describes the differences between the German and Polish world views and aesthetic feeling. The writer also presents his personal attitude to German history and everyday life he knew as a young man. This manuscript critically discusses the point of view presented by Kowalewski.
RU
Научная цель этой статьи - проанализировать и оценить действия, предпринятые ведущими политиками Турции в отношении западно-балканских государств (т. е. Албании, Боснии и Герцеговины, Косово, Черногории, Северной Македонии и Сербии) во время пандемии COVID-19. С тех пор как в 2002 году к власти пришла Партия справедливости и развития, Турция пыталась усилить свое международное влияние с помощью дипломатических, экономических и культурных мер. Регион Западных Балкан, с которым турки имеют исторические и этнические связи, является одним из ключевых направлений доктрины ПСР. Принимая теорию имиджа в международных отношениях в качестве теоретической основы, это исследование изучает реализацию внешней политики Турции на Западных Балканах во время пандемии коронавируса SARS-CoV-2. Используя доступные оригинальные турецкие источники (академические публикации, публичные отчеты, пресс-релизы), были определены основные цели политической стратегии Турции в отношении региона. Детальный анализ официальных заявлений и выступлений турецких политиков также имел основополагающее значение для данного исследования. В этом контексте были определены ценности и символы, на которые ссылается правительство ПСР в своей деятельности на Западных Балканах. Основанное на контент-анализе, сравнительном анализе и анализе политического дискурса, это исследование призвано объяснить причины действий Турции в последние месяцы. В заключение были представлены и обсуждены будущие перспективы участия Турции в делах на Западных Балканах.
EN
The scientific aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate actions taken by Turkey’s leading politicians with regard to the Western Balkan states (i.e. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002, Turkey has attempted to increase its international influence through diplomatic, economic and cultural measures. Western Balkans region, with which Turks have historical and ethnic ties, is one of the key areas in AKP’s doctrine. Adopting image theory in international relations as the theoretical foundation, this research examines implementation of Turkish foreign policy in the Western Balkans in times of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. By employing available original Turkish sources (academic publications, public reports, press releases), the main objectives of Turkey’s political strategy towards the region have been determined. Detailed analysis of official statements and speeches of Turkish policy-makers was also fundamental for this study. In this context, the values and symbols to which the AKP government refers in its activities in the Western Balkans have been identified. Based on content analysis, comparative analysis and political discourse analysis, this research seeks to explain the rationale of Turkish actions in recent months. As a conclusion, future prospects for Turkey’s involvement in the Western Balkans have been presented and discussed.
PL
Celem niniejszego tekstu jest opisowe określenie warunków kształtowania architektonicznego języka form, w tym zwłaszcza form regionalnych, rozumianych jako zdolność adaptacji domeny architektury do lokalnych warunków, zarówno w wymiarze geograficznym (lokalne uwarunkowania klimatyczne, materiały, wydajność energetyczna czy technologie low-tech), jak i w wymiarze humanistycznym, w odniesieniu do lokalnych tradycji budowlanych. Ponadto przedstawia uwarunkowania i możliwości jego żywotnej reprodukcji, służących zaspokojeniu emocjonalnych, sentymentalnych i duchowych potrzeb człowieka lub w praktycznym wymiarze uwarunkowań „fizjologicznych”: minimalizacji negatywnego wpływu architektury na poziomie visceralnym i redukcji stresu. Zawiera przykładową analizę i klasyfikację metod replikacji opartą na przeglądzie literaturowym przykładów teoretycznych i prawnych konstruktów pomocnych w praktycznym kształtowaniu metod replikacji architektury regionalnej. Wnioski i rekomendacje: Przetrwanie i rozwój regionalnego (dostosowanego do otoczenia) charakteru architektury może mieć miejsce poprzez efektywne i świadome wykorzystanie jezyka architektury – języka wzorców i form, w praktyce zapisu kodu projektowego i planistycznego.
EN
The purpose of this paper is a descriptive determination of the conditions shaping the architectural language of forms, including, in particular, regional forms, understood as the ability to adapt domain architecture to local conditions, both in geographical (local climatic conditions, materials, energy efficiency, and technology low-tech), as and humanistic dimension, in relation to local building traditions. In addition, it presents the conditions and possibilities of its vital reproduction, to meet with emotional, sentimental and spiritual needs of man, or practical considerations of ”physiological" dimension: to minimize the negative impact of architecture at visceral level and stress reduction. It includes sample analysis and classification methods of replication, based on a review of the literature examples of theoretical and legal practical constructs to help in shaping the replication of regional architecture methods. Conclusions and recommendations: Surviving and strengthening regional(adjusted to the local environment) nature of architecture can take place only through effective and conscious use of architectural language - the language of patterns and forms, in the practice of recording architectural and legal notation of the architectural and planning code.
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