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Regionalne porozumienia handlowe w Europie a liberalizacja handlu międzynarodowego

100%
Pera B.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2011
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issue 869
61-76
EN
The process of economic integration in the world economy began more than 50 years ago, but truly gathered speed in the 1990s and continues to expand today. The aim of this paper is to present regional trade agreements in Europe and assess their influence on international trade liberalisation. The notion of the regional trade agreements and their legal basis according to WTO rules are explained. The essence of international trade liberalisation in contemporary economic relations is also included. The most important regional trade agreements are described, and in the final section their influence on international trade liberalisation is assessed.
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National Treatment Rules in EU Regional Trade Agreements

100%
Słok-Wódkowska M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2014
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vol. 34
225-248
EN
Most favoured nation (MFN) treatment and national treatment (NT) are two standards usually related to the general principle of non-discrimination. However, while the MFN treatment was undoubtedly and clearly defined already during the negotiation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in previous works and judgements of various international bodies, the NT standard needed to be clarified. An additional reason to concentrate on NT rules is that their content and scope may influence trade more than the scope of MFN granted. The concept of NT is also subject to relatively rare analysis in comparison with other aspects of regional trade agreements’ (RTA) rules which overlap with WTO law. The aim of this article is to analyse the scope and wording of the NT standard in various RTAs concluded by the European Union. In particular, it inquiries into the extent to which the NT clause remains universal across its different regional trade agreements, and examines the reasons (and consequences) for the differences, if any, in its formulation.
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